Protestant Reformation Overview

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Questions and Answers

What was the key catalyst for the Fragmentation of Western Christendom?

The Protestant Reformation

Who is considered a key figure in the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther (correct)

Ignatius of Loyola

Henry VIII

John Calvin

What did Martin Luther post on the church door in 1517?

95 Theses

John Calvin is associated with Lutheranism.

False Signup and view all the answers

What did John Calvin believe in?

Predestination Signup and view all the answers

What city was led by John Calvin?

Geneva Signup and view all the answers

What was the English Reformation?

The process by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. Signup and view all the answers

Who initiated the English Reformation?

Henry VIII Signup and view all the answers

What was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation called?

Catholic Reformation or Counter-Reformation Signup and view all the answers

What was the key council during the Catholic Reformation?

Council of Trent Signup and view all the answers

What religious order was founded by Ignatius of Loyola?

Jesuits Signup and view all the answers

What were the conflicts sparked by tensions between Catholics and Protestants called?

Religious Wars Signup and view all the answers

What conflict in Europe ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648?

Thirty Years War Signup and view all the answers

What did the Thirty Years War lead to?

Significant loss of life, economic decline, and shifts in political power in Europe Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a country that emerged as a powerful state in early modern Europe?

Germany Signup and view all the answers

What means did monarchs use to raise funds?

Through taxation, land sales, borrowing, and the establishment of state monopolies on certain goods Signup and view all the answers

What was the Spanish Inquisition?

A religious tribunal established to maintain Catholic orthodoxy. Signup and view all the answers

The Spanish Inquisition was primarily used to target converts and dissenters.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is a Constitutional State?

A state where the power of the monarch is limited by law or constitution Signup and view all the answers

Which state was a constitutional state and underwent significant political changes?

England Signup and view all the answers

What conflicts in England challenged royal authority and led to parliamentary power?

English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution Signup and view all the answers

Who came to power in England after the Glorious Revolution?

William and Mary Signup and view all the answers

What grievances did Puritans have against the Anglican Church?

Puritans called for reforms within the Church of England Signup and view all the answers

What was the Dutch Republic?

A Calvinist state that declared independence from Spain and became a major commercial and naval power Signup and view all the answers

What did Absolute Monarchs believe justified their state power?

Divine Right of Kings Signup and view all the answers

Who was considered a key figure in France during the era of Absolute Monarchy?

Louis XIV Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following rulers is NOT associated with Russia during the era of Absolutism?

Frederick the Great Signup and view all the answers

What were the intentions and impact of Peter I and Catherine the Great?

They aimed to westernize Russia and expand its territory Signup and view all the answers

During early modern Europe, what economic systems emerged characterized by trade, investment, and the rise of a merchant class?

Early Capitalist Society Signup and view all the answers

What form of business entity allowed investors to share ownership and profits?

Joint Stock Companies Signup and view all the answers

What was the putting out system of production?

A production system where work was contracted to individuals in their homes rather than in a centralized factory. Signup and view all the answers

How did population growth influence urbanization and family structures?

Population growth led to more people moving to cities which resulted in smaller family units as societal structures changed Signup and view all the answers

What was the Scientific Revolution?

A period of significant advancements in science during the 16th and 17th centuries. Signup and view all the answers

What was the debate between the Earth-centered and Sun-centered models of the universe?

Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Signup and view all the answers

What did Scientific discoveries often challenge?

Religious teachings Signup and view all the answers

Which of these figures DOES NOT belong to the Scientific Revolution?

Aristotle Signup and view all the answers

What was the Scientific Method?

A systematic approach to inquiry based on observation and experimentation, emphasizing evidence over tradition. Signup and view all the answers

What is a prominent female scientist known for her work in physics and mathematics?

Emilie du Châtelet Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Protestant Reformation and its Impact

Fragmentation of Western Christendom: The Protestant Reformation led to Christianity splitting into different denominations.
Protestant Reformation: A 16th-century movement causing the creation of Protestant churches.
Martin Luther (Lutherans): A key figure challenging Catholic teachings; his 95 Theses sparked the Reformation.
95 Theses: Luther's criticisms of indulgences posted in 1517 started the Reformation.
John Calvin (Calvinists) and Predestination: Calvin emphasized God's predetermined salvation, a core Calvinist belief.
Geneva & Strict Rules: Calvin's Geneva enforced strict moral codes prohibiting behaviors like dancing and card playing.
English Reformation (Anglicans): Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church, creating the Church of England.
Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation): The Catholic Church responded to Protestantism with reforms.
Council of Trent: A Catholic council clarifying doctrines and correcting abuses.
Jesuits: A religious order focused on education, missions, and defending Catholicism.
Religious Wars: Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants causing violence in Europe.
Thirty Years' War & Peace of Westphalia: A devastating war ending with the Peace of Westphalia, establishing a new balance of power.

Effects of the Thirty Years' War

Loss of Life/Economic Decline: Large-scale death and economic hardship from the war.
Shifts in Power: The war altered the power dynamic among European nations.
Balance of Power: A political concept to prevent any single nation from becoming too powerful.
Military Development: Advances in military technology and strategies after the war.

Witch Hunts

Societal and Religious Tensions: Witch hunts often stemmed from deep-seated worries within society and religious concerns.

New Monarchs & State Building

Centralized Power: European rulers consolidating power within their states.
Finance & State Power: Monarchs used taxes, loans, trade, and other methods to fund their rule.
England, France, and Spain Dominated: These nations emerged as major powers.
Spanish Inquisition: A Catholic tribunal enforcing religious orthodoxy.

Shifting Political Structures

Constitutional States: States limiting the monarch's power through laws or a constitution.
England & Constitutionalism: England's political development, including civil wars and the Glorious Revolution, shaped its evolution into a constitutional state.
English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, Glorious Revolution: Conflicts challenging the English monarchy's control and leading to parliamentary supremacy.
William & Mary: The monarchs who came to the English throne following the Glorious Revolution, symbolizing the shift to constitutional monarchy.
Puritan Complaints: Puritans' grievances within the Anglican Church contributed to the English Civil War.
Dutch Republic: A Calvinist state gaining independence from Spain, becoming a major power.

Absolute Monarchs

Divine Right: The belief that monarchs held power directly from God to justify their absolute rule.
France - Louis XIV ("The Sun King"): A powerful absolute monarch, embodying French absolutist rule; 'I am the state.'
Russia - Peter I & Catherine the Great: Russian rulers seeking modernization and expansion.

Changing Society & Economy

Social Structure Shifts: Changes in social structures resulting from economic and political transformations.
Early Capitalism: Trade, investment, and a growing merchant class marked this emerging economic system.
Joint-Stock Companies: Businesses where investors pooled funds for exploration and colonization, crucial in early capitalism.
Proto-Industrialization: A pre-industrial phase characterized by rural manufacturing and market-driven agriculture.
Putting-Out System: A production method employing decentralized, home-based labor.
Population Growth, Urbanization, Nuclear Families: Increased population led to city growth and smaller family units.

Scientific Revolution

Geocentric vs. Heliocentric: The debate between the Earth-centered and Sun-centered models of the universe.
Challenging Church Authority: Scientific discoveries clashed with established religious ideas, questioning Church authority.
Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton: Key figures in the Scientific Revolution challenging traditional ideas.
Scientific Method/Empiricism: A systematic observation-based approach to knowledge.
Movement Away from Accepted Knowledge: The shift from relying on older authorities to a focus on observation and experimentation.

Women & Science

Emilie du Châtelet: A prominent female scientist, contributing to physics and mathematics, notably translating Newton's "Principia."

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Description

Explore the key events and figures of the Protestant Reformation, a monumental movement in the 16th century that led to the fragmentation of Western Christianity. Learn about Martin Luther's 95 Theses, John Calvin's teachings, and the impact of the English Reformation. This quiz delves into the creation of various Protestant denominations and the Catholic Church's response through the Counter-Reformation.