Protestant and English Reformation

The belief that a king's power comes directly from God, making him chosen and above challenge.

A system where a monarch has absolute, unlimited power, with no checks or balances.

A grand palace built by Louis XIV, designed to showcase his power and control over the aristocracy.

Louis XIV's goal to remove the power of nobles in their lands, concentrating power in himself.

Louis XIV's tireless work ethic, known for his long hours dedicated to governing France.

A religious movement that emerged in the 16th century, challenging the authority of the Catholic Church and leading to the establishment of new branches of Christianity.

A document written by Martin Luther outlining his criticisms of the Catholic Church, particularly the sale of indulgences.

The practice of selling indulgences, which were certificates that supposedly reduced time in purgatory, was seen by Luther as a corrupt practice.

King Henry VIII's desire to divorce Catherine of Aragon led to a break with the Catholic Church and the establishment of the Church of England.

The English Protestant queen, Elizabeth I, faced a challenge from Spain, a Catholic power, who did not recognize her legitimacy as ruler.

The Spanish Armada, a fleet of warships, was sent by Philip II of Spain to invade England and overthrow Elizabeth I.

French Protestants, known as Huguenots, faced persecution and conflict with Catholic forces.

A decree by King Henry IV of France that granted religious tolerance to Huguenots, ending decades of religious conflict.

The belief that a king's power comes directly from God, making him chosen to rule and answerable only to God.

Martin Luther's 95 Theses, which criticized the Catholic Church's practices, were widely disseminated by the printing press, leading to greater awareness of his ideas throughout Germany and Europe.

The Catholic Church viewed Martin Luther as a heretic, and for his criticisms of the Church's practices, he was excommunicated, or formally banned from the Church.

Protestantism, a new religious movement challenging the Catholic Church, gained significant popularity in Northern Europe.

Lutheranism, a branch of Protestantism founded by Martin Luther, provided rural peasants in Germany with hope for a better life.

The sale of indulgences was a practice used by the Catholic Church, where people could buy forgiveness for their sins. Martin Luther vehemently opposed this practice, believing it to be immoral and a form of corruption.

King Henry VIII's desire to divorce Catherine of Aragon, which was not granted by the Pope, led to the creation of the Church of England, a separate religious institution.

Queen Elizabeth I, a Protestant monarch, faced opposition from Spain, a Catholic power, who did not recognize her legitimacy as ruler. This conflict led the Spanish Armada, a powerful navy, to attack England, but the English were victorious.

The Huguenots, French Protestants, faced persecution and conflict with the Catholic majority, leading to a period of religious wars. To end these conflicts, King Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted religious tolerance to Protestants in France.