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What accounts for more than a third of characterized bacteria species?
What accounts for more than a third of characterized bacteria species?
Proteobacteria
What type of bacteria are all Proteobacteria?
What type of bacteria are all Proteobacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism involved in energy generation by Proteobacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism involved in energy generation by Proteobacteria?
Proteobacteria are classified into six classes.
Proteobacteria are classified into six classes.
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Horizontal gene flow has likely played a role in shaping the metabolic diversity of Proteobacteria.
Horizontal gene flow has likely played a role in shaping the metabolic diversity of Proteobacteria.
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What is the approximate number of described species within the Alphaproteobacteria class?
What is the approximate number of described species within the Alphaproteobacteria class?
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Which of these characteristics applies to most Alphaproteobacteria?
Which of these characteristics applies to most Alphaproteobacteria?
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Most Alphaproteobacteria species are oligotrophic.
Most Alphaproteobacteria species are oligotrophic.
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Which of these orders is NOT included within Alphaproteobacteria?
Which of these orders is NOT included within Alphaproteobacteria?
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Which group of bacteria can form root nodules and fix nitrogen in symbiosis with leguminous plants?
Which group of bacteria can form root nodules and fix nitrogen in symbiosis with leguminous plants?
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What is the name of the plant pathogen that causes crown gall disease and is closely related to Rhizobium?
What is the name of the plant pathogen that causes crown gall disease and is closely related to Rhizobium?
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What are methylobacterium often called due to their pink colonies and ability to grow on methanol?
What are methylobacterium often called due to their pink colonies and ability to grow on methanol?
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What type of pathogens are Bartonella?
What type of pathogens are Bartonella?
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What is a distinctive feature of Pelagibacter ubique?
What is a distinctive feature of Pelagibacter ubique?
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All Rickettsiales are obligate intracellular parasites or mutualists of animals.
All Rickettsiales are obligate intracellular parasites or mutualists of animals.
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Which of these human diseases is NOT caused by Rickettsia?
Which of these human diseases is NOT caused by Rickettsia?
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What is the name of the intracellular parasite of many insects that can affect their reproduction by inducing parthenogenesis, killing males, or feminizing them ?
What is the name of the intracellular parasite of many insects that can affect their reproduction by inducing parthenogenesis, killing males, or feminizing them ?
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Rhodobacterales and Rhodospirillales are known for their metabolic diversity, exhibiting traits such as nitrogen fixation, denitrification, and methylotrophy.
Rhodobacterales and Rhodospirillales are known for their metabolic diversity, exhibiting traits such as nitrogen fixation, denitrification, and methylotrophy.
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What are Caulobacterales typically described as?
What are Caulobacterales typically described as?
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What is Sphingomonas known for?
What is Sphingomonas known for?
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How does the bacterium Zymomonas contribute to the production of ethanol?
How does the bacterium Zymomonas contribute to the production of ethanol?
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What is the third-largest class of Proteobacteria?
What is the third-largest class of Proteobacteria?
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Betaproteobacteria contains six orders with many characterized species.
Betaproteobacteria contains six orders with many characterized species.
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Which of the following orders is NOT included within Betaproteobacteria?
Which of the following orders is NOT included within Betaproteobacteria?
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Burkholderiales exhibit a diverse range of metabolic characteristics, including aerobic, facultatively aerobic, and anaerobic chemoorganotrophs, as well as anoxygenic phototrophs, chemolithotrophs, nitrogen fixers, and pathogens.
Burkholderiales exhibit a diverse range of metabolic characteristics, including aerobic, facultatively aerobic, and anaerobic chemoorganotrophs, as well as anoxygenic phototrophs, chemolithotrophs, nitrogen fixers, and pathogens.
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Burkholderia, a key genus within Burkholderiales, is known for its versatile metabolic capabilities, including the ability to degrade organic compounds, promote plant growth, and act as an opportunistic pathogen.
Burkholderia, a key genus within Burkholderiales, is known for its versatile metabolic capabilities, including the ability to degrade organic compounds, promote plant growth, and act as an opportunistic pathogen.
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What is the name of the opportunistic human pathogen within Burkholderia that can cause lung infections?
What is the name of the opportunistic human pathogen within Burkholderia that can cause lung infections?
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Which order within Betaproteobacteria is known for its diverse metabolic and ecological characteristics, including photoheterotrophy and respiration?
Which order within Betaproteobacteria is known for its diverse metabolic and ecological characteristics, including photoheterotrophy and respiration?
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Rhodocyclus, a genus within Rhodocyclales, is known for its ability to grow best as photoheterotrophs, though it can also grow as photoautotrophs or through respiration in darkness.
Rhodocyclus, a genus within Rhodocyclales, is known for its ability to grow best as photoheterotrophs, though it can also grow as photoautotrophs or through respiration in darkness.
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Zoogloea, another important genus within Rhodocyclales, is known for its aerobic chemoorganotrophic metabolism and the production of a thick gelatinous capsule. This capsule plays a significant role in wastewater treatment, contributing to flocculation (forming clumps) and settling of solids.
Zoogloea, another important genus within Rhodocyclales, is known for its aerobic chemoorganotrophic metabolism and the production of a thick gelatinous capsule. This capsule plays a significant role in wastewater treatment, contributing to flocculation (forming clumps) and settling of solids.
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What is the name of the species within Zoogloea that is particularly important in aerobic wastewater treatment, degrading organic carbon and promoting flocculation and settling?
What is the name of the species within Zoogloea that is particularly important in aerobic wastewater treatment, degrading organic carbon and promoting flocculation and settling?
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Neisseriales include at least 29 genera of diverse chemoorganotrophs.
Neisseriales include at least 29 genera of diverse chemoorganotrophs.
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What type of bacteria are Neisseria?
What type of bacteria are Neisseria?
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Which Neisseria species is known to cause meningitis?
Which Neisseria species is known to cause meningitis?
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What is the Neisseria species that causes gonorrhoea?
What is the Neisseria species that causes gonorrhoea?
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What is the name of the rod-shaped bacterium closely related to Neisseria that produces the purple pigment violacein, which has antimicrobial and antioxidant properties?
What is the name of the rod-shaped bacterium closely related to Neisseria that produces the purple pigment violacein, which has antimicrobial and antioxidant properties?
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Most Hydrogenophilales, Methylophilales, and Nitrosomonadales are obligate aerobes, and many are autotrophic.
Most Hydrogenophilales, Methylophilales, and Nitrosomonadales are obligate aerobes, and many are autotrophic.
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What is the name of the facultative chemolithotroph within Hydrogenophilales that can use H2 as an electron donor and fix CO2 using the Calvin cycle, but can also grow as a chemoorganotroph?
What is the name of the facultative chemolithotroph within Hydrogenophilales that can use H2 as an electron donor and fix CO2 using the Calvin cycle, but can also grow as a chemoorganotroph?
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What are Thiobacillus described as?
What are Thiobacillus described as?
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Chemolithotrophic Thiobacillus are sulfur bacteria that oxidize reduced sulfur compounds and can fix CO2.
Chemolithotrophic Thiobacillus are sulfur bacteria that oxidize reduced sulfur compounds and can fix CO2.
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What kind of organisms are Methylophilus primarily?
What kind of organisms are Methylophilus primarily?
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What are Nitrosomonadales described as?
What are Nitrosomonadales described as?
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Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira are key genera within Nitrosomonadales.
Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira are key genera within Nitrosomonadales.
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Study Notes
Proteobacteria
- Largest and most diverse phylum of bacteria
- Accounts for over a third of characterized bacterial species
- All are gram-negative
- Show various energy generation mechanisms (chemolithotrophic, chemoorganotrophic, phototrophic)
- Six classes: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, and Zetaproteobacteria
- Horizontal gene transfer likely shaped metabolic diversity
Alphaproteobacteria
- Second-largest class of Proteobacteria
- About 1,000 described species
- Mostly obligate or facultative aerobes
- Many are oligotrophic (prefer low nutrient environments)
- Key orders include Rhizobiales, Rickettsiales, Rhodobacterales, Rhodospirillales, Caulobacterales, and Sphingomonadales
- Key genera include Rhizobia (nitrogen-fixing bacteria), Agrobacterium tumefaciens (crown gall disease), Methylobacterium (pink biofilms), Bartonella (intracellular pathogens), and Pelagibacter ubique (abundant in ocean)
- Rickettsiales: obligate intracellular parasites, often transmitted by arthropods
Betaproteobacteria
- Third-largest Proteobacteria class
- About 500 described species
- Diverse metabolic functions
- Six orders: Burkholderiales, Hydrogenophilales, Methylophilales, Neisseriales, Nitrosomonadales, and Rhodocyclales
- Key genera include Burkholderia (bioremediation, some pathogens), Rhodocyclus (photoheterotrophs or photoautotrophs) and Zoogloea (flocculation in wastewater)
Gammaproteobacteria
- Largest and most diverse Proteobacteria class
- Over 1500 characterized species
- Diverse metabolism (phototrophic, chemoorganotrophic, chemolithotrophic)
- Respiratory or fermentative metabolisms
- Enterobacteriales (enteric bacteria) is a key order within Gammaproteobacteria
- Characteristics of Enterobacteriales: facultative aerobes, gram-negative, nonsporulating rods, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive, produce acid from glucose, simple nutritional requirements
- Fermentation patterns: mixed-acid and 2,3-butanediol fermentations
- Key genera include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Proteus (mixed-acid), Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Serratia (butanediol)
Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria
- Deltaproteobacteria: primarily sulfate-reducing bacteria, dissimilative iron-reducers, bacterial predators; key genera include Myxococcales (predators) and Desulfuromonadales (sulfate reducers)
- Epsilonproteobacteria: oxidize H2S, abundant at oxygen-rich environments; key genera include Campylobacter (gastroenteritis) and Helicobacter (peptic ulcers)
Other Groups
- Rhodobacterales and Rhodospirillales: metabolically diverse
- Caulobacterales: oligotrophic, strictly aerobic chemoorganotrophs
- Sphingomonadales: diverse aerobic/facultative aerobic chemoorganotrophs
- Neisseriales: diverse chemoorganotrophs, some pathogenic (Neisseria)
- Hydrogenophilales, Methylophilales, and Nitrosomonadales: chemolithotrophic/methylotrophic, obligate aerobes
- Vibrionales: facultatively aerobic rods/curved rods with fermentative metabolism, often aquatic species (Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus)
- Pseudomonadales: chemoorganotrophs, often oxidase- and catalase-positive, diverse species including pathogens
Firmicutes, Tenericutes, and Actinobacteria
- Account for about half of all characterized bacterial species
- Actinobacteria: primarily filamentous soil bacteria with high GC content in their DNA
- Tenericutes: cells that lack a cell wall
- Firmicutes: include endospore-forming bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and other groups, generally with low GC content in their DNA
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Description
Explore the fascinating diversity of Proteobacteria, the largest phylum of bacteria, which includes six distinct classes. This quiz focuses on the characteristics and significance of Alphaproteobacteria and key genera like Rhizobia and Agrobacterium. Test your knowledge on bacterial metabolism and ecological roles in varied environments.
