Proteins and Amino Acids in Human Body

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Questions and Answers

Non-essential amino acids can be made from other amino acids in our ______

body

Excess amino acids are deaminated in the ______

liver

Dietary fibre is mainly made up of cellulose from plant cell ______

walls

An emulsion/milky solution is formed in the ______ test for lipids

emulsion Signup and view all the answers

Colour of the solution changes from blue to purple in the ______ test for proteins

Biuret Signup and view all the answers

Using Albustix paper, the colour changes from yellow to green in the test for ______

protein Signup and view all the answers

________ inside becomes higher than the atmospheric pressure.

Pressure Signup and view all the answers

Air is forced out of the ________.

lung Signup and view all the answers

Chemical digestion occurs in the ________.

Small intestine Signup and view all the answers

________ is responsible for the breakdown of proteins into peptides.

Pepsin Signup and view all the answers

________ is the enzyme that converts starch into maltose.

Salivary amylase Signup and view all the answers

________ breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Lipase Signup and view all the answers

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of ______

carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Disaccharides are formed by 2 monosaccharides joining together by ______

condensation Signup and view all the answers

Starch is the storage form of glucose in ______

plants Signup and view all the answers

Cellulose is a type of ______ and is found in the cell wall

polysaccharide Signup and view all the answers

Lipids are insoluble in ______ but soluble in organic solvents

water Signup and view all the answers

Saturated fat and unsaturated fat are two types of ______

lipids Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes ______

sulphur Signup and view all the answers

The basic unit of proteins is ______ acid

amino Signup and view all the answers

Dietary fibre helps in preventing ______, colitis, and bowel cancer

constipation Signup and view all the answers

Lipids are major components of ______ membrane and certain hormones

cell Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classification of Organisms

Flowering plants: grass, maize, barley, orchid, lily
Non-flowering plants: mosses, fern
Vertebrates: fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles, mammals
Invertebrates: insects, jellyfish
Fungi: Mucor (bread mould), yeast (made of single cells, lives everywhere), Chlorella (has chloroplasts, can carry out photosynthesis)

Characteristics of Organisms

Fungi: organized into a mycelium made from thread-like structure called hyphae, which contain many nuclei
Viruses: parasitic, can reproduce only inside living cells, infect every type of living organism, have a wide variety of shapes and sizes, have no cellular structure, composed of a core of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat, genetic material can be either DNA or RNA

Carbohydrates

Chemical elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Ratio of H:O = 2:1
Monosaccharides: simplest form of carbohydrates, examples: glucose, fructose, galactose, sweet, soluble in water, readily absorbed in the alimentary canal, can be used to produce energy in cell respiration
Disaccharides: formed by 2 monosaccharides joining together by condensation, with the removal of a water molecule, examples: maltose, lactose, sucrose, sweet, soluble in water, can be broken down into 2 simple sugars by specific digestive enzymes or heating with dilute acid in the laboratory
Polysaccharides: formed by a large amount of monosaccharides joining together by condensation, macromolecules, not sweet, insoluble in water, no reducing power, examples: starch (storage form of glucose in plants), glycogen (storage form of glucose in animals), cellulose (cell wall)

Lipids

Chemical elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Ratio of H:O > 2:1
Composed of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules
Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents
Animal fats: solid/semi-solid at room temperature
Plant oil: liquid at room temperature
Major functions: source of energy, energy reserve, heat insulation, shock absorber, cell membrane component, hormone component

Proteins

Chemical elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulphur
Basic unit: amino acid
Amino acid: possesses an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain
20 types of amino acids required to build proteins
Human body requires essential amino acids from diet
Functions: building cell membrane and cytoplasm, structural material, forming hormones, forming enzymes, production of haemoglobin, production of antibodies, growth and repair of tissues

Vitamins

Vitamin A: fat-soluble, found in liver, dairy products, carrots, green vegetables, functions: formation of light-sensitive chemical, vision in dim light, maintaining health of skin and lining of mouth cavity and breathing system, deficiency disease: night-blindness
Vitamin C: water-soluble, found in apples, citrus, functions: formation of connective tissue, healing of wounds, resistance to infection, deficiency disease: scurvy
Vitamin D: fat-soluble, found in liver, dairy products, functions: absorption of calcium and phosphate salts, formation of strong bones and teeth, deficiency disease: rickets, osteoporosis

Minerals

Calcium: found in dairy products, functions: formation of teeth and bones, normal function of nerves, blood clotting, muscle contraction, deficiency disease: rickets, osteoporosis
Iron: found in red meat, eggs, functions: component of haemoglobin in red blood cells, deficiency disease: anaemia

Food Tests

Reducing sugar test: Benedict's test, brick red precipitate forms
Starch test: iodine test, iodine solution changes from brown to blue-black
Fat/oil test: emulsion test, an emulsion/milky solution formed, grease spot test, a translucent spot is left
Protein test: biuret test, colour of solution changes from blue to purple
Vitamin C test: DCPIP test, dark blue to colourless/decolourized

Adaptations

Breathing and gas exchange: numerous alveoli present in the lungs, pressure inside becomes higher than the atmospheric pressure, air is forced out of the lung

Food and Digestion

Chemical digestion: site of digestion, site of secretion, digestive juice, enzyme/component of secretion, action, optimum pH
Mechanical digestion: mouth, chewing of food into smaller pieces, stomach, churning, duodenum, emulsification of fats into oil droplets, small intestine, mix food with digestive juices by peristalsis

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Description

Learn about the role of amino acids in building proteins in the human body. Understand the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids, and their sources and functions in various bodily processes.