Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
Proteins are made up of the elements C, H, O, and N in no set ______
ratio
The amino acids bind together with a ______ bond
peptide
Amino acids bond together via ______ synthesis
dehydration
When two amino acids form the beginning of the chain with one peptide bond, it is called a ______
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Ultimately you end up with a ______ (which can have anywhere between 30 and 30,000 amino acids)
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Primary structure involves the ________ of amino acids
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_______ structure is formed by twisting and folding the primary structure
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Tertiary structure is the ________ shape of a protein
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_______ structure involves 2 or more chains joined together
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Denaturation can occur due to high ________ affecting weak hydrogen bonds
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Study Notes
Composition of Proteins
- Proteins are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (in no set ratio)
Structure of Amino Acids
- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
- Amino acids have three parts:
- Amino group (NH2 or NH3+), which acts as a base
- Carboxyl group (COOH or COO-), which acts as an acid
- R group (there are 20 different possible R groups)
Formation of Proteins
- Amino acids bond together via dehydration synthesis
- Peptide bonds are formed between carbon and nitrogen atoms, with one water molecule lost
- When two amino acids form the beginning of a chain (with one peptide bond), it is called a dipeptide
- The chain grows to become a tripeptide and eventually a polypeptide
- A polypeptide is also known as a protein
Characteristics of Proteins
- Every protein is different due to the unique order of amino acids
- The order of amino acids affects the chain's structure and function
Levels of Protein Structure
- Primary structure: the order of amino acids joined together with peptide bonds
- Secondary structure: twisting and folding of the primary structure, forming hydrogen bonds
- Tertiary structure: interactions between R groups, determining the protein's 3D shape and function
- Quaternary structure: two or more chains joined to form a functional protein
Denaturation
- Denaturation is the loss of a protein's tertiary or quaternary structure, affecting its function
- Denaturation can occur due to:
- High temperatures, affecting hydrogen bonds
- Chemicals, such as heavy metals or acid/basic substances
- Structural changes
Functions of Proteins
- Structural: proteins make up all structures in living things (e.g., keratin, actin, myosin, collagen)
- Functional: proteins help maintain bodily functions and digest food (e.g., hemoglobin, enzymes)
- Food source: proteins provide energy when carbohydrates and fats are depleted
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Description
This quiz covers the basic concepts of proteins and amino acids, including their composition, structure, and importance in the human body. Topics include the elements that make up proteins, the role of amino acids as building blocks, and the percentage of protein in the human body. Test your knowledge on these fundamental aspects of biochemistry!
