Protein Synthesis Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is step 1 in the process of protein synthesis?

A chain of amino acids is formed from peptide bonds, creating a protein.

RNA polymerase unzips DNA and free RNA nucleotides join DNA to form mRNA. (correct)

mRNA joins the ribosome.

mRNA is transported from the nucleus of the cell to the ribosomes of the cell.

Explain the process of transcription.

The gene coding for the protein untwists and unzips. RNA nucleotides form complimentary base pairs with the DNA bases. Hydrogen bonds and sugar-phosphate bonds form and the mRNA strand is synthesized. mRNA peels off the DNA and moves to the cytoplasm.

How are amino acids assembled during translation?

mRNA attaches to the ribosome. tRNA molecules transport amino acids to the ribosome. Anti-codons and codons match up and form complementary base pairs. Peptide bonds form between adjacent amino acids to form the protein.

How are the order of codons determined?

The DNA sequence determines the order. Signup and view all the answers

What is needed for translation to occur? Check all that apply.

codons Signup and view all the answers

Explain how genes are expressed for a particular trait.

One gene for a particular trait is transcribed from DNA during transcription. The code for the gene is transferred by mRNA to the ribosome for protein production to begin. Proteins are constructed from a polypeptide chain of amino acids. Once the polypeptide chain is constructed, a protein is produced and the trait can be expressed. Signup and view all the answers

What is one way scientists are able to study operons in organisms?

By studying the number and organization of operons by reading the genome sequence. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of operons in protein synthesis?

They contain promoters and operators that determine when a gene is transcribed. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Protein Synthesis Overview

Protein synthesis consists of two main processes: transcription and translation.

Transcription

The gene coding for a protein unwinds and separates to allow the formation of mRNA.
Complementary base pairing occurs between RNA nucleotides and DNA bases.
mRNA synthesis involves hydrogen and sugar-phosphate bond formation.
After synthesis, mRNA detaches from DNA and moves to the cytoplasm for translation.

Translation

Begins with mRNA binding to the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis.
tRNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome where they align according to mRNA codons.
Anti-codons on tRNA match up with codons on mRNA, facilitating amino acid assembly.
Peptide bonds form between adjacent amino acids, creating a polypeptide chain and ultimately a protein.

Codon Order Determination

The sequence of codons is dictated by the underlying DNA sequence.

Requirements for Translation

Necessary components for translation include mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA, and codons.

Gene Expression for Traits

Gene transcription from DNA leads to mRNA which directs ribosome activity for protein synthesis.
The resulting polypeptide chain of amino acids corresponds to a specific trait once fully constructed.

Operons in E. coli

E. coli was found to possess two operons instead of one, as initially hypothesized.
Operons are studied by examining the number and arrangement of genes through genome sequencing.

Function of Operons

Operons play a critical role in protein synthesis by containing promoters and operators that regulate gene transcription timings.

Description

Explore the essential steps of protein synthesis with these assignment flashcards. Each card highlights crucial processes, including mRNA formation, ribosome activity, and the creation of peptide bonds. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of genetics and cellular biology.