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Questions and Answers
What is the final step in peptidoglycan synthesis blocked by penicillins?
What is the final step in peptidoglycan synthesis blocked by penicillins?
- Formation of the peptide bond
- Formation of the N-acetylglucosamine-N-acetylmuramic acid complex
- Cross-linking of the PEP side chain (correct)
- Attachment of teichoic acids
Which antibiotic is not inactivated by penicillinase and is pregnancy safe?
Which antibiotic is not inactivated by penicillinase and is pregnancy safe?
- Erythromycin
- Amoxicillin
- Cephalexin
- Dicloxacillin (correct)
Which medication may have reduced activity while on oral antibiotics due to increased liver p450 enzyme induction?
Which medication may have reduced activity while on oral antibiotics due to increased liver p450 enzyme induction?
- Kefir
- Oral contraceptives (correct)
- Sauerkraut
- Yogurt
What effect do antimicrobials have on warfarin?
What effect do antimicrobials have on warfarin?
What is a potential adverse reaction of tetracycline?
What is a potential adverse reaction of tetracycline?
When is doxycycline indicated to be taken with food?
When is doxycycline indicated to be taken with food?
What is a contraindication for tetracycline use?
What is a contraindication for tetracycline use?
Which antibiotic may be replaced by erythromycin for neonatal prophylaxis?
Which antibiotic may be replaced by erythromycin for neonatal prophylaxis?
What is the function of clavulanate in combination with penicillin?
What is the function of clavulanate in combination with penicillin?
Which cephalosporin is classified as a first-generation cephalosporin?
Which cephalosporin is classified as a first-generation cephalosporin?
What is a potential adverse drug reaction (ADR) associated with the use of vancomycin?
What is a potential adverse drug reaction (ADR) associated with the use of vancomycin?
What is the primary use of bacitracin in ophthalmology?
What is the primary use of bacitracin in ophthalmology?
Which antibiotic binds to the 30S subunit, interfering with protein synthesis and allowing misreading of mRNA?
Which antibiotic binds to the 30S subunit, interfering with protein synthesis and allowing misreading of mRNA?
Which antibiotic is specifically useful against Pseudomonas and is used in combination with dexamethasone (TobraDex)?
Which antibiotic is specifically useful against Pseudomonas and is used in combination with dexamethasone (TobraDex)?
Which antibiotic is ineffective against Streptococcus and has adverse effects including corneal and conjunctival toxicity?
Which antibiotic is ineffective against Streptococcus and has adverse effects including corneal and conjunctival toxicity?
Which antibiotic is not available in ophthalmic form, is used in traumatic endophthalmitis and bacterial keratitis, and is administered via injection?
Which antibiotic is not available in ophthalmic form, is used in traumatic endophthalmitis and bacterial keratitis, and is administered via injection?
Which antibiotic is indicated for chlamydia, acne rosacea, meibomianitis, and ocular surface inflammatory disease?
Which antibiotic is indicated for chlamydia, acne rosacea, meibomianitis, and ocular surface inflammatory disease?
What is the specific formulation that must be taken on an empty stomach for the treatment of rosacea?
What is the specific formulation that must be taken on an empty stomach for the treatment of rosacea?
Which antibiotic may cause vestibular toxicity and decreased cerebrospinal fluid absorption?
Which antibiotic may cause vestibular toxicity and decreased cerebrospinal fluid absorption?
In which age group is tetracycline not indicated due to the theoretical risk of permanent bone and teeth discoloration?
In which age group is tetracycline not indicated due to the theoretical risk of permanent bone and teeth discoloration?
Which antibiotic is used for neonatal prophylaxis and can replace tetracycline?
Which antibiotic is used for neonatal prophylaxis and can replace tetracycline?
Which antibiotic is NOT significantly affected by food intake and can be taken with or without food?
Which antibiotic is NOT significantly affected by food intake and can be taken with or without food?
Which antibiotic may cause adverse reactions such as epigastric distress, photosensitivity/toxic reactions, changes in tooth development, and blood dyscrasias?
Which antibiotic may cause adverse reactions such as epigastric distress, photosensitivity/toxic reactions, changes in tooth development, and blood dyscrasias?
Which antibiotic form contains 30mg immediate release and 10mg delayed release, and never reaches therapeutic level?
Which antibiotic form contains 30mg immediate release and 10mg delayed release, and never reaches therapeutic level?
What effect do oral contraceptives have on antimicrobials?
What effect do oral contraceptives have on antimicrobials?
Which antibiotic is specifically indicated for prophylaxis of anterior segment infection, conjunctivitis, corneal ulcer, and blepharitis?
Which antibiotic is specifically indicated for prophylaxis of anterior segment infection, conjunctivitis, corneal ulcer, and blepharitis?
What is the primary function of clavulanate in combination with penicillin?
What is the primary function of clavulanate in combination with penicillin?
Which antibiotic is indicated for hordeolum, preseptal cellulitis, dacryocystitis, and dacryoadenitis?
Which antibiotic is indicated for hordeolum, preseptal cellulitis, dacryocystitis, and dacryoadenitis?
What is the mechanism of action of penicillins?
What is the mechanism of action of penicillins?
Which antibiotic is not inactivated by penicillinase and is considered pregnancy safe?
Which antibiotic is not inactivated by penicillinase and is considered pregnancy safe?
What is a potential adverse drug reaction (ADR) associated with the use of penicillins?
What is a potential adverse drug reaction (ADR) associated with the use of penicillins?
Which antibiotic is ineffective against Streptococcus and has adverse effects including corneal and conjunctival toxicity?
Which antibiotic is ineffective against Streptococcus and has adverse effects including corneal and conjunctival toxicity?
Which antibiotic is bactericidal, binds to 30S subunit, and interferes with protein synthesis, allowing misreading of mRNA causing mutation and premature chain termination?
Which antibiotic is bactericidal, binds to 30S subunit, and interferes with protein synthesis, allowing misreading of mRNA causing mutation and premature chain termination?
Which antibiotic is useful for Pseudomonas and is similar to gentamicin except it's more sensitive to some resistant pseudomonas strains and P.aeruginosa?
Which antibiotic is useful for Pseudomonas and is similar to gentamicin except it's more sensitive to some resistant pseudomonas strains and P.aeruginosa?
Which antibiotic is specifically useful against Pseudomonas, not available in ophthalmic form, and administered via injection?
Which antibiotic is specifically useful against Pseudomonas, not available in ophthalmic form, and administered via injection?
Which antibiotic is classified as a bacteriostatic, effective against gram + and -, as well as chlamydia?
Which antibiotic is classified as a bacteriostatic, effective against gram + and -, as well as chlamydia?
Which antibiotic is contraindicated in pregnancy and associated with drug sensitization (contact dermatitis)?
Which antibiotic is contraindicated in pregnancy and associated with drug sensitization (contact dermatitis)?
Which antibiotic is used in traumatic endophthalmitis and bacterial keratitis but not available in ophthalmic form?
Which antibiotic is used in traumatic endophthalmitis and bacterial keratitis but not available in ophthalmic form?
What is the primary use of neomycin in ophthalmology?
What is the primary use of neomycin in ophthalmology?
What is the mechanism of action of cephalosporins?
What is the mechanism of action of cephalosporins?
Which antibiotic is classified as a first-generation cephalosporin, available in injection form, and considered pregnancy safe?
Which antibiotic is classified as a first-generation cephalosporin, available in injection form, and considered pregnancy safe?
What is the primary function of clavulanate when used in combination with penicillin?
What is the primary function of clavulanate when used in combination with penicillin?
Which antibiotic has bactericidal activity, primarily targets gram-positive bacteria, and is administered as an ointment?
Which antibiotic has bactericidal activity, primarily targets gram-positive bacteria, and is administered as an ointment?
Which antibiotic has adverse effects including vasculitis, nephrotoxicity, and ototoxicity?
Which antibiotic has adverse effects including vasculitis, nephrotoxicity, and ototoxicity?
What is a potential adverse reaction associated with the use of polymyxin B?
What is a potential adverse reaction associated with the use of polymyxin B?
Which antibiotic is weak in antimicrobial activity and considered pregnancy safe?
Which antibiotic is weak in antimicrobial activity and considered pregnancy safe?
Which antibiotic is used for MRSA, bacterial keratitis, and ruptured globe, and exhibits bactericidal activity against gram-positive bacteria?
Which antibiotic is used for MRSA, bacterial keratitis, and ruptured globe, and exhibits bactericidal activity against gram-positive bacteria?
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Study Notes
Antibiotic Overview
- Penicillins block the final step in peptidoglycan synthesis.
- Piperacillin is not inactivated by penicillinase and is pregnancy safe.
Antibiotic Interactions
- Carbamazepine may have reduced activity while on oral antibiotics due to increased liver p450 enzyme induction.
- Antibiotics can increase the effects of warfarin.
Tetracycline
- Possible adverse reaction: photophobia, gastrointestinal disturbances.
- Contraindication: children under 8 years old due to risk of permanent bone and teeth discoloration.
- Must be taken on an empty stomach for rosacea treatment.
- Can cause vestibular toxicity and decreased cerebrospinal fluid absorption.
Doxycycline
- Indicated for chlamydia, acne rosacea, meibomianitis, and ocular surface inflammatory disease.
- Can be taken with or without food.
Bacitracin
- Primary use in ophthalmology: treating conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, and blepharitis.
Clavulanate
- Function: inhibits beta-lactamase, allowing penicillin to work effectively.
Cephalosporins
- Classified as first-generation: cephalexin.
- Mechanism of action: inhibiting cell wall formation.
Aminoglycosides
- Gentamicin is effective against Pseudomonas and is used in combination with dexamethasone (TobraDex).
- Neomycin is used in traumatic endophthalmitis and bacterial keratitis, administered via injection.
Macrolides
- Erythromycin is used for neonatal prophylaxis and can replace tetracycline.
- Binds to the 30S subunit, interfering with protein synthesis and allowing misreading of mRNA.
Fluoroquinolones
- Ciprofloxacin is effective against Pseudomonas and is used in combination with dexamethasone (TobraDex).
Polymyxin B
- Used in ophthalmology to treat conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, and blepharitis.
- Adverse reaction: nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity.
Vancomycin
- Adverse reaction: nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.
- Used in traumatic endophthalmitis and bacterial keratitis, administered via injection.
Others
- Oral contraceptives can decrease the effectiveness of antimicrobials.
- Penicillins can cause allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis.
- Antibiotics can increase the effects of warfarin.
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