47 Questions
What is the final step in peptidoglycan synthesis blocked by penicillins?
Cross-linking of the PEP side chain
Which antibiotic is not inactivated by penicillinase and is pregnancy safe?
Dicloxacillin
Which medication may have reduced activity while on oral antibiotics due to increased liver p450 enzyme induction?
Oral contraceptives
What effect do antimicrobials have on warfarin?
Increased liver p450 enzyme induction
What is a potential adverse reaction of tetracycline?
Vestibular toxicity
When is doxycycline indicated to be taken with food?
For chlamydia
What is a contraindication for tetracycline use?
Pregnancy
Which antibiotic may be replaced by erythromycin for neonatal prophylaxis?
Chloramphenicol
What is the function of clavulanate in combination with penicillin?
To protect penicillin from inactivation by B-lactamase
Which cephalosporin is classified as a first-generation cephalosporin?
Cephalexin
What is a potential adverse drug reaction (ADR) associated with the use of vancomycin?
Anaphylaxis
What is the primary use of bacitracin in ophthalmology?
Treatment of blepharitis
Which antibiotic binds to the 30S subunit, interfering with protein synthesis and allowing misreading of mRNA?
Neomycin
Which antibiotic is specifically useful against Pseudomonas and is used in combination with dexamethasone (TobraDex)?
Tobramycin
Which antibiotic is ineffective against Streptococcus and has adverse effects including corneal and conjunctival toxicity?
Gentamicin
Which antibiotic is not available in ophthalmic form, is used in traumatic endophthalmitis and bacterial keratitis, and is administered via injection?
Amikacin
Which antibiotic is indicated for chlamydia, acne rosacea, meibomianitis, and ocular surface inflammatory disease?
Erythromycin
What is the specific formulation that must be taken on an empty stomach for the treatment of rosacea?
ORACEA
Which antibiotic may cause vestibular toxicity and decreased cerebrospinal fluid absorption?
Tetracycline
In which age group is tetracycline not indicated due to the theoretical risk of permanent bone and teeth discoloration?
Children under 8
Which antibiotic is used for neonatal prophylaxis and can replace tetracycline?
Erythromycin
Which antibiotic is NOT significantly affected by food intake and can be taken with or without food?
Doxycycline
Which antibiotic may cause adverse reactions such as epigastric distress, photosensitivity/toxic reactions, changes in tooth development, and blood dyscrasias?
Minocycline
Which antibiotic form contains 30mg immediate release and 10mg delayed release, and never reaches therapeutic level?
Doxycycline
What effect do oral contraceptives have on antimicrobials?
All of the above
Which antibiotic is specifically indicated for prophylaxis of anterior segment infection, conjunctivitis, corneal ulcer, and blepharitis?
Bacitracin
What is the primary function of clavulanate in combination with penicillin?
Inactivate penicillinase enzymes
Which antibiotic is indicated for hordeolum, preseptal cellulitis, dacryocystitis, and dacryoadenitis?
Penicillins
What is the mechanism of action of penicillins?
Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
Which antibiotic is not inactivated by penicillinase and is considered pregnancy safe?
Dicloxacillin
What is a potential adverse drug reaction (ADR) associated with the use of penicillins?
Hypersensitivity response
Which antibiotic is ineffective against Streptococcus and has adverse effects including corneal and conjunctival toxicity?
Gentamicin
Which antibiotic is bactericidal, binds to 30S subunit, and interferes with protein synthesis, allowing misreading of mRNA causing mutation and premature chain termination?
Neomycin
Which antibiotic is useful for Pseudomonas and is similar to gentamicin except it's more sensitive to some resistant pseudomonas strains and P.aeruginosa?
Tobramycin
Which antibiotic is specifically useful against Pseudomonas, not available in ophthalmic form, and administered via injection?
Amikacin
Which antibiotic is classified as a bacteriostatic, effective against gram + and -, as well as chlamydia?
Tetracycline
Which antibiotic is contraindicated in pregnancy and associated with drug sensitization (contact dermatitis)?
Neomycin
Which antibiotic is used in traumatic endophthalmitis and bacterial keratitis but not available in ophthalmic form?
Amikacin
What is the primary use of neomycin in ophthalmology?
Treatment of pseudomonas infection
What is the mechanism of action of cephalosporins?
Interference with cell wall synthesis
Which antibiotic is classified as a first-generation cephalosporin, available in injection form, and considered pregnancy safe?
Cefazolin
What is the primary function of clavulanate when used in combination with penicillin?
Protects penicillin from inactivation by B-lactamase
Which antibiotic has bactericidal activity, primarily targets gram-positive bacteria, and is administered as an ointment?
Bacitracin
Which antibiotic has adverse effects including vasculitis, nephrotoxicity, and ototoxicity?
Vancomycin
What is a potential adverse reaction associated with the use of polymyxin B?
Neurotoxicity
Which antibiotic is weak in antimicrobial activity and considered pregnancy safe?
Clavulanate
Which antibiotic is used for MRSA, bacterial keratitis, and ruptured globe, and exhibits bactericidal activity against gram-positive bacteria?
Vancomycin
Study Notes
Antibiotic Overview
- Penicillins block the final step in peptidoglycan synthesis.
- Piperacillin is not inactivated by penicillinase and is pregnancy safe.
Antibiotic Interactions
- Carbamazepine may have reduced activity while on oral antibiotics due to increased liver p450 enzyme induction.
- Antibiotics can increase the effects of warfarin.
Tetracycline
- Possible adverse reaction: photophobia, gastrointestinal disturbances.
- Contraindication: children under 8 years old due to risk of permanent bone and teeth discoloration.
- Must be taken on an empty stomach for rosacea treatment.
- Can cause vestibular toxicity and decreased cerebrospinal fluid absorption.
Doxycycline
- Indicated for chlamydia, acne rosacea, meibomianitis, and ocular surface inflammatory disease.
- Can be taken with or without food.
Bacitracin
- Primary use in ophthalmology: treating conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, and blepharitis.
Clavulanate
- Function: inhibits beta-lactamase, allowing penicillin to work effectively.
Cephalosporins
- Classified as first-generation: cephalexin.
- Mechanism of action: inhibiting cell wall formation.
Aminoglycosides
- Gentamicin is effective against Pseudomonas and is used in combination with dexamethasone (TobraDex).
- Neomycin is used in traumatic endophthalmitis and bacterial keratitis, administered via injection.
Macrolides
- Erythromycin is used for neonatal prophylaxis and can replace tetracycline.
- Binds to the 30S subunit, interfering with protein synthesis and allowing misreading of mRNA.
Fluoroquinolones
- Ciprofloxacin is effective against Pseudomonas and is used in combination with dexamethasone (TobraDex).
Polymyxin B
- Used in ophthalmology to treat conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, and blepharitis.
- Adverse reaction: nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity.
Vancomycin
- Adverse reaction: nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.
- Used in traumatic endophthalmitis and bacterial keratitis, administered via injection.
Others
- Oral contraceptives can decrease the effectiveness of antimicrobials.
- Penicillins can cause allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis.
- Antibiotics can increase the effects of warfarin.
Test your knowledge on protein synthesis and antibiotics with this quiz. Learn about aminoglycosides like neomycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin, their bactericidal properties, effectiveness against certain bacteria, and adverse drug reactions.
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