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Questions and Answers
What are the subunits that compose bacterial ribosomes?
What are the subunits that compose bacterial ribosomes?
What is the primary action of protein synthesis inhibitors mentioned in the context?
What is the primary action of protein synthesis inhibitors mentioned in the context?
Which of the following is true about the composition of mammalian ribosomes?
Which of the following is true about the composition of mammalian ribosomes?
What distinguishes bacterial ribosomes from mammalian ribosomes?
What distinguishes bacterial ribosomes from mammalian ribosomes?
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How do protein synthesis inhibitors specifically affect bacteria?
How do protein synthesis inhibitors specifically affect bacteria?
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What is one of the adverse effects associated with aminoglycosides?
What is one of the adverse effects associated with aminoglycosides?
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In which patient population is ototoxicity more likely to occur with aminoglycoside treatment?
In which patient population is ototoxicity more likely to occur with aminoglycoside treatment?
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What duration of aminoglycoside treatment increases the risk of nephrotoxicity?
What duration of aminoglycoside treatment increases the risk of nephrotoxicity?
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Which of the following factors may contribute to increased risk of adverse effects from aminoglycosides?
Which of the following factors may contribute to increased risk of adverse effects from aminoglycosides?
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What condition is considered a significant risk factor for aminoglycoside toxicity?
What condition is considered a significant risk factor for aminoglycoside toxicity?
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What is a significant risk associated with ototoxicity as mentioned?
What is a significant risk associated with ototoxicity as mentioned?
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Which bacteria is NOT typically treated with amikacin?
Which bacteria is NOT typically treated with amikacin?
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What is the primary purpose of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for amikacin?
What is the primary purpose of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for amikacin?
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How does the antibacterial spectrum of tobramycin compare to that of gentamicin?
How does the antibacterial spectrum of tobramycin compare to that of gentamicin?
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In what novel formulation is liposomal amikacin being developed?
In what novel formulation is liposomal amikacin being developed?
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What potential risk does streptomycin pose to a fetus if it crosses the placental barrier?
What potential risk does streptomycin pose to a fetus if it crosses the placental barrier?
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How is the majority of streptomycin eliminated from the body?
How is the majority of streptomycin eliminated from the body?
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Why is therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) necessary for patients with renal impairment taking streptomycin?
Why is therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) necessary for patients with renal impairment taking streptomycin?
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What type of bacterial resistance is commonly associated with streptomycin?
What type of bacterial resistance is commonly associated with streptomycin?
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What is a consequence of the accumulation of streptomycin in fetal plasma?
What is a consequence of the accumulation of streptomycin in fetal plasma?
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Which type of antibiotics has largely replaced those associated with serious toxicities?
Which type of antibiotics has largely replaced those associated with serious toxicities?
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What is a characteristic feature of fluoroquinolones compared to older antibiotics?
What is a characteristic feature of fluoroquinolones compared to older antibiotics?
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In what context are carbapenems primarily utilized in medicine?
In what context are carbapenems primarily utilized in medicine?
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What can be inferred about older antibiotics regarding their clinical use?
What can be inferred about older antibiotics regarding their clinical use?
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Why are third and fourth generation cephalosporins favored over older antibiotics?
Why are third and fourth generation cephalosporins favored over older antibiotics?
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Study Notes
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
- Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by targeting bacterial ribosomes
- Bacterial ribosomes are composed of 30S and 50S subunits (mammalian ribosomes have 40S and 60S subunits)
- Can cause serious toxicities
- Have been replaced by safer antibiotics, such as third and fourth generation cephalosporins, the fluoroquinolones, and the carbapenems.
Aminoglycosides
- Adverse effects include nephrotoxicity (continued treatment > 5 days; high doses; elderly; renal insufficiency) and ototoxicity
- Cross the placental barrier and may accumulate in foetal plasma and amniotic fluid (may cause deafness in the foetus)
- Eliminated 90% unchanged in the urine
- Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is needed for renal impaired patients.
Streptomycin
- Resistance has emerged (Ribosomal resistance to streptomycin develops readily)
- Can cause ototoxicity (likely irreversible, can cause deafness)
Amikacin
- Active against many gram-negative enteric bacteria
- Resistant to many enzymes that inactivate gentamicin and tobramycin
- Often used for treating severe, hospital-acquired infections with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter
- Liposomal amikacin (inhalation) is being developed to treat respiratory diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, non-tubercular mycobacterial infections and bronchiectasis
- TDM is needed
Tobramycin
- Antibacterial spectrum and pharmacokinetics similar to gentamicin
- Narrow spectrum of activity
- Active against Gram-negative bacteria (not active against gram-positive bacteria except for Staphylococcus aureus)
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Description
This quiz covers the mechanisms and effects of protein synthesis inhibitors, focusing on aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and amikacin. Understand the risks, therapeutic monitoring, and the emergence of resistance in bacterial treatment. Get ready to test your knowledge about bacterial ribosomes and adverse effects of these antibiotics!
