Protein Synthesis Inhibitors in Antibiotics
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Protein Synthesis Inhibitors in Antibiotics

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Questions and Answers

What are the subunits that compose bacterial ribosomes?

  • 40S and 60S
  • 80S and 60S
  • 30S and 50S (correct)
  • 20S and 30S

    • What is the primary action of protein synthesis inhibitors mentioned in the context?

  • They stimulate protein synthesis.
  • They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. (correct)
  • They target the cell membrane.
  • They enhance ribosomal functions.

    • Which of the following is true about the composition of mammalian ribosomes?

  • They consist of 30S and 50S subunits.
  • They consist of 40S and 60S subunits. (correct)
  • They are made up of 70S subunits.
  • They are similar to bacterial ribosomes.

    • What distinguishes bacterial ribosomes from mammalian ribosomes?

    <p>Their size and subunit composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do protein synthesis inhibitors specifically affect bacteria?

    <p>They bind to bacterial ribosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the adverse effects associated with aminoglycosides?

    <p>Nephrotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which patient population is ototoxicity more likely to occur with aminoglycoside treatment?

    <p>Elderly patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What duration of aminoglycoside treatment increases the risk of nephrotoxicity?

    <p>5 days or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors may contribute to increased risk of adverse effects from aminoglycosides?

    <p>High doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is considered a significant risk factor for aminoglycoside toxicity?

    <p>Renal insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with ototoxicity as mentioned?

    <p>Permanent deafness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is NOT typically treated with amikacin?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for amikacin?

    <p>To minimize the risk of ototoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the antibacterial spectrum of tobramycin compare to that of gentamicin?

    <p>Narrower spectrum than gentamicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what novel formulation is liposomal amikacin being developed?

    <p>Inhalation therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential risk does streptomycin pose to a fetus if it crosses the placental barrier?

    <p>Development of hearing loss (deafness)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the majority of streptomycin eliminated from the body?

    <p>Excreted unchanged in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) necessary for patients with renal impairment taking streptomycin?

    <p>To prevent accumulation due to reduced excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacterial resistance is commonly associated with streptomycin?

    <p>Ribosomal resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the accumulation of streptomycin in fetal plasma?

    <p>Risk of auditory complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antibiotics has largely replaced those associated with serious toxicities?

    <p>Third and fourth generation cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of fluoroquinolones compared to older antibiotics?

    <p>They tend to have fewer serious toxicities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context are carbapenems primarily utilized in medicine?

    <p>To manage infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about older antibiotics regarding their clinical use?

    <p>Their serious toxicities have led to their reduction in use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are third and fourth generation cephalosporins favored over older antibiotics?

    <p>They have a broader spectrum of activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

    • Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by targeting bacterial ribosomes
    • Bacterial ribosomes are composed of 30S and 50S subunits (mammalian ribosomes have 40S and 60S subunits)
    • Can cause serious toxicities
    • Have been replaced by safer antibiotics, such as third and fourth generation cephalosporins, the fluoroquinolones, and the carbapenems.

    Aminoglycosides

    • Adverse effects include nephrotoxicity (continued treatment > 5 days; high doses; elderly; renal insufficiency) and ototoxicity
    • Cross the placental barrier and may accumulate in foetal plasma and amniotic fluid (may cause deafness in the foetus)
    • Eliminated 90% unchanged in the urine
    • Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is needed for renal impaired patients.

    Streptomycin

    • Resistance has emerged (Ribosomal resistance to streptomycin develops readily)
    • Can cause ototoxicity (likely irreversible, can cause deafness)

    Amikacin

    • Active against many gram-negative enteric bacteria
    • Resistant to many enzymes that inactivate gentamicin and tobramycin
    • Often used for treating severe, hospital-acquired infections with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter
    • Liposomal amikacin (inhalation) is being developed to treat respiratory diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, non-tubercular mycobacterial infections and bronchiectasis
    • TDM is needed

    Tobramycin

    • Antibacterial spectrum and pharmacokinetics similar to gentamicin
    • Narrow spectrum of activity
    • Active against Gram-negative bacteria (not active against gram-positive bacteria except for Staphylococcus aureus)

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    Pharmacology II - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors I

    Description

    This quiz covers the mechanisms and effects of protein synthesis inhibitors, focusing on aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and amikacin. Understand the risks, therapeutic monitoring, and the emergence of resistance in bacterial treatment. Get ready to test your knowledge about bacterial ribosomes and adverse effects of these antibiotics!

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