Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What are the subunits that compose bacterial ribosomes?
What is the primary action of protein synthesis inhibitors mentioned in the context?
Which of the following is true about the composition of mammalian ribosomes?
What distinguishes bacterial ribosomes from mammalian ribosomes?
Signup and view all the answers
How do protein synthesis inhibitors specifically affect bacteria?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the adverse effects associated with aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
In which patient population is ototoxicity more likely to occur with aminoglycoside treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
What duration of aminoglycoside treatment increases the risk of nephrotoxicity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following factors may contribute to increased risk of adverse effects from aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is considered a significant risk factor for aminoglycoside toxicity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant risk associated with ototoxicity as mentioned?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bacteria is NOT typically treated with amikacin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for amikacin?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the antibacterial spectrum of tobramycin compare to that of gentamicin?
Signup and view all the answers
In what novel formulation is liposomal amikacin being developed?
Signup and view all the answers
What potential risk does streptomycin pose to a fetus if it crosses the placental barrier?
Signup and view all the answers
How is the majority of streptomycin eliminated from the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) necessary for patients with renal impairment taking streptomycin?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of bacterial resistance is commonly associated with streptomycin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a consequence of the accumulation of streptomycin in fetal plasma?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of antibiotics has largely replaced those associated with serious toxicities?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic feature of fluoroquinolones compared to older antibiotics?
Signup and view all the answers
In what context are carbapenems primarily utilized in medicine?
Signup and view all the answers
What can be inferred about older antibiotics regarding their clinical use?
Signup and view all the answers
Why are third and fourth generation cephalosporins favored over older antibiotics?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
- Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by targeting bacterial ribosomes
- Bacterial ribosomes are composed of 30S and 50S subunits (mammalian ribosomes have 40S and 60S subunits)
- Can cause serious toxicities
- Have been replaced by safer antibiotics, such as third and fourth generation cephalosporins, the fluoroquinolones, and the carbapenems.
Aminoglycosides
- Adverse effects include nephrotoxicity (continued treatment > 5 days; high doses; elderly; renal insufficiency) and ototoxicity
- Cross the placental barrier and may accumulate in foetal plasma and amniotic fluid (may cause deafness in the foetus)
- Eliminated 90% unchanged in the urine
- Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is needed for renal impaired patients.
Streptomycin
- Resistance has emerged (Ribosomal resistance to streptomycin develops readily)
- Can cause ototoxicity (likely irreversible, can cause deafness)
Amikacin
- Active against many gram-negative enteric bacteria
- Resistant to many enzymes that inactivate gentamicin and tobramycin
- Often used for treating severe, hospital-acquired infections with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter
- Liposomal amikacin (inhalation) is being developed to treat respiratory diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, non-tubercular mycobacterial infections and bronchiectasis
- TDM is needed
Tobramycin
- Antibacterial spectrum and pharmacokinetics similar to gentamicin
- Narrow spectrum of activity
- Active against Gram-negative bacteria (not active against gram-positive bacteria except for Staphylococcus aureus)
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the mechanisms and effects of protein synthesis inhibitors, focusing on aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and amikacin. Understand the risks, therapeutic monitoring, and the emergence of resistance in bacterial treatment. Get ready to test your knowledge about bacterial ribosomes and adverse effects of these antibiotics!