Protein-Losing Gastroenteropathy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What condition is characterized by the loss of proteins when plasma proteins exit the vascular system?

  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Protein-losing gastroenteropathy (correct)

    • In protein-losing gastroenteropathy, where do the lost proteins go?

  • Into the gastrointestinal tract (correct)
  • Into the respiratory system
  • Into the renal system
  • Into the lymphatic system

    • Which system experiences the direct loss of proteins in cases of protein-losing gastroenteropathy?

  • Nervous system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Musculoskeletal system
  • Gastrointestinal system (correct)

    • What is primarily affected in diseases associated with protein-losing gastroenteropathy?

    <p>Nutrient absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process occurring in protein-losing gastroenteropathy?

    <p>Exit of plasma proteins from the vascular system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with loss of plasma proteins due to gaps between the lining cells of the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Protein-losing gastroenteropathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the mechanism behind protein loss in protein-losing gastroenteropathy?

    <p>Separation of epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases could lead to protein loss through the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Celiac disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated when a mutation is found in more than 1% of a population?

    <p>It is referred to as polymorphism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the phenomenon of protein leakage significant in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases?

    <p>It reflects damage to intestinal barriers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a mutation when it is passed down to offspring across generations?

    <p>It can potentially increase in frequency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In protein-losing gastroenteropathy, what is primarily affected due to the leakage of plasma proteins?

    <p>Nutritional status (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to genetic variations occurring frequently within a population?

    <p>Polymorphism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a mutation spread through a population?

    <p>Through selective pressure favoring the mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true about mutations in a population?

    <p>They can only be harmful to survival (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a mendelian or monogenic trait in a population?

    <p>It appears in at least two phenotypes, neither of which is rare. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about polymorphism is true?

    <p>Polymorphism can exist without causing disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common technique used to study proteins?

    <p>Isoelectric focusing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a shared characteristic of plasma proteins?

    <p>They share at least one general function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes electrophoresis?

    <p>A method to separate proteins based on size. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is caused by bilirubin accumulation in the brain due to the underdeveloped blood-brain barrier in newborns?

    <p>Kernicterus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are newborns particularly susceptible to kernicterus?

    <p>The blood-brain barrier is not fully developed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bilirubin?

    <p>A pigment produced during the breakdown of red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential effect of bilirubin accumulation in the brain in newborns?

    <p>Improved cognitive function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a significant risk factor for kernicterus in infants?

    <p>Premature birth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from the brain's inability to remove bilirubin?

    <p>Reye’s syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should aspirin not be given to infants?

    <p>It competes with bilirubin for albumin binding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The accumulation of bilirubin can lead to which severe neurological condition?

    <p>Kernicterus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying problem causing mental retardation in Reye’s syndrome?

    <p>Bilirubin accumulation due to ineffective removal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor for the development of kernicterus in infants?

    <p>Concurrent use of aspirin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Protein-losing gastroenteropathy

    A condition where proteins from the blood leak into the digestive system.

    Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

    The system of organs responsible for digesting food and absorbing nutrients.

    Plasma

    The fluid portion of the blood, containing proteins.

    Plasma proteins

    Proteins found in the blood that have many important functions, including fluid balance, clotting, and transporting substances.

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    Plasma proteins exit the vascular system

    The process of proteins leaving the blood vessels and entering the digestive system.

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    Tight junctions

    The tiny spaces between cells lining the digestive tract.

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    How tight junctions affect protein loss

    In protein-losing gastroenteropathy, tight junctions between cells lining the digestive system become loose.

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    Protein loss in the stool

    Proteins leaking into the digestive system are lost in the stool, leading to low blood protein levels.

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    Consequences of low protein levels

    Low blood protein levels can cause various problems, including fluid buildup, swelling, and weakened immune system.

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    Mutation

    A change in a gene's DNA sequence.

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    Inheritance

    The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

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    Polymorphism

    A change in a gene's DNA sequence that is found in more than 1% of the population.

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    Mutation spread

    The process of a mutation becoming more common in a population over time.

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    Mutation transmission

    The process of a mutation being passed down from parents to their children.

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    Kernicterus

    A condition in newborns where bilirubin accumulates in the brain, causing damage.

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    Blood-brain barrier

    The barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream.

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    Bilirubin

    A yellow pigment produced during the breakdown of heme, the iron-containing molecule in red blood cells.

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    Bilirubin Buildup in Brain Cells

    The process of bilirubin accumulating in brain cells.

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    Why newborns are susceptible to kernicterus

    The blood-brain barrier is not fully developed in newborns, allowing bilirubin to enter the brain and cause kernicterus.

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    Reye's Syndrome

    A serious condition marked by liver failure, brain swelling, and low blood sugar, often triggered by viral infections in children.

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    Albumin

    A protein in the blood that can bind to various molecules, including bilirubin.

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    Aspirin & Bilirubin Competition

    Aspirin's negative effect on bilirubin levels, which increases the risk of developing kernicterus.

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    Mendelian trait

    A trait controlled by a single gene with two or more variations, leading to different observable characteristics in a population.

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    Electrophoresis/Isoelectric Focusing

    Techniques used to analyze protein variations by separating them based on their charge and size.

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    Fluid balance

    Plasma proteins contribute to maintaining the overall fluid balance in the body by regulating the movement of water between blood vessels and tissues.

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    Transport

    Plasma proteins help transport various substances, including hormones, nutrients, and medications, to different parts of the body.

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    Immune defense

    Plasma proteins play a key role in defending the body against infections by binding to pathogens and activating immune cells.

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    Study Notes

    Biochemistry - Plasma Proteins

    • Plasma proteins, primarily albumin and globulins, are synthesized in the liver.
    • Immunoglobulins (gamma globulins) are produced by mature B lymphocytes in bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes.
    • Plasma proteins are initially synthesized as preproproteins (immature forms).

    Why this preproprotein form?

    • Preproproteins are inactive forms, protecting the synthesizing tissues (e.g., enzymes).
    • If always active, these proteins could harm the cell where they are produced.

    Preproproteins and Proproteins

    • Preproproteins require two signal processes for maturation.
    • Proproteins require only one signal process.
    • Both go through post-translational modifications after initial synthesis.

    Post-Translational Modifications and Time

    • Proteins need different times for synthesis and release into the plasma membrane, from 30 minutes to several hours.
    • Most are glycoproteins (N- or O-linked), except for albumin.

    Plasma Protein Polymorphism and Half-Lives

    • Plasma proteins exhibit polymorphism, meaning they have various forms.
    • Their half-lives vary, determined by protein type and function.
    • Half-life can change when the protein binds to other molecules.

    Half-Life and Diseases

    • Diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract (protein-losing gastroenteropathy) can reduce the half-lives of plasma proteins like albumin, as proteins leak from blood vessels into the GI tract.
    • Examples, in Crohn's disease, the half-life of albumin can be reduced by a day.

    Protein Mutations and Polymorphism

    • Mutations in protein gene sequences can affect protein function (positive, negative, or neutral effects).
    • A mutation that becomes common in a population (above 1%) is called a polymorphism.
    • Polymorphisms affect many plasma proteins, including alpha 1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, transferrin, ceruplasmin, and immunoglobulins.
    • ABO blood grouping is a well-known example of polymorphism.
    • Polymorphism doesn't guarantee disease.

    General Functions of Plasma Proteins

    • Nutritive role: Broken down for energy.
    • pH maintenance: Act as buffers (contain amino and carboxyl groups).
    • Viscosity: Contribute to blood thickness and flow.
    • Osmotic pressure: Help maintain water balance.

    Specific Plasma Protein Functions

    • Enzymes: Renin, coagulation factors, lipases.
    • Immune response: Immunoglobulins.
    • Coagulation: Factors involved in blood clotting.
    • Hormonal: Erythropoietin.
    • Transport: Transferrin, thyroxine-binding globulin, apolipoproteins.

    Starling Forces

    • Proteins are retained in the vascular system.
    • Blood pressure pushes water out of vessels, while proteins retain it.
    • Osmotic pressure exerted by proteins helps maintain fluid balance.

    Acute-Phase Proteins

    • Their concentration rapidly increases during inflammation, tissue injury, or cancer.
    • Examples: C-reactive protein (CRP), alpha 1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, fibrinogen.

    Negative Acute-Phase Proteins

    • Their concentration decreases during inflammation, compared to normal and inflammatory conditions
    • Examples: pre-albumin, albumin, transferrin.

    Albumin

    • Major plasma protein (high concentration, 69 kDa).
    • Synthesized in the liver (preproprotein).
    • 20-day half-life.
    • Critical role in osmotic pressure maintenance.
    • Binds various molecules (free fatty acids, steroids, bilirubin, metals).
    • Has binding sites that can lead to drug-drug interactions.
    • Hypoalbuminemia: Low albumin levels, cause edema and various other health problems.
    • Hyperalbuminemia: High albumin levels, results from conditions like dehydration.
    • Analbuminemia: Genetic absence of albumin production.
    • Bilirubin Toxicity and Aspirin: Aspirin and bilirubin compete for binding sites on albumin, leading to jaundice and potentially harming the brain, particularly in newborns.
    • Phenytoin-Dicoumarol interaction: These two drugs bind to similar albumin sites, causing interaction.

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    Related Documents

    Biochemistry Sheet 26 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on protein-losing gastroenteropathy, its mechanisms, and associated conditions. This quiz covers the loss of proteins, the gastrointestinal tract's role, and the implications for diagnosis. Challenge yourself with questions that delve into the physiological aspects of this condition.

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