Protein Life Cycle
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Questions and Answers

Which process involves the shaping of a protein after the translation process?

  • Post translational modification (correct)
  • Protein degradation
  • Protein sorting
  • Protein synthesis

    • What is the primary sequence of a protein?

  • The degradation process of a protein
  • The folded structure of a protein
  • The final destination of a protein
  • The sequence of amino acids glued together (correct)

    • What is required for a protein to be functional?

  • A stretch of amino acids
  • The tertiary structure (correct)
  • The degradation process
  • The primary sequence

    • What is the main focus of the lecture on protein raising?

    <p>Post translational modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens after a protein has been sent to its final destination and has done its job?

    <p>Protein degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when proteins are directed to their final destination?

    <p>Protein sorting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the folded structure of a protein?

    <p>Tertiary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a stretch of amino acids that does not make a functional protein?

    <p>Primary sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when proteins are degraded?

    <p>Protein degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two ways of making a finally formed protein with a tertiary structure?

    <p>Plated sheet and alpha helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of a protein?

    <p>A stretch of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the secondary structure of a protein?

    <p>A plated sheet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

    <p>A combination of several tertiary structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

    Signup and view all the answers

    How many different proteins can be made with 20 amino acids?

    <p>400</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different dipeptides can be made with 20 amino acids?

    <p>400</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different tripeptides can be made with 20 amino acids?

    <p>8,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different proteins can be made with 60 amino acids?

    <p>10^78</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible number of peptides from a chain with N amino acids?

    <p>N^20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different proteins are usually found in an average human cell?

    <p>1,000,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for protein folding?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein class that helps in folding proteins?

    <p>Chaperones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is the only one that contains a sulfur group?

    <p>Cysteine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed when two cysteine amino acids are connected via their sulfur groups?

    <p>Disulfide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds are formed between polar groups of the protein backbone and side chains?

    <p>Hydrogen bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds are formed between ionized groups in proteins?

    <p>Salt bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interactions occur between polar and non-polar side chains in proteins?

    <p>Hydrophobic interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of magnesium in protein folding?

    <p>It stabilizes the protein structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of protein structure is formed by the folding of secondary structures?

    <p>Tertiary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the structure formed by multiple protein subunits?

    <p>Quaternary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is mentioned in the text as being warm?

    <p>Spain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the limited number of proteins made by our bodies?

    <p>We don't need all these proteins at this moment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the purpose of generating different proteins?

    <p>To adapt to different environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the total of secondary structure elements folded specifically to a compact form?

    <p>Tertiary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the lecture mentioned in the text?

    <p>Protein structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the secondary structure of a protein?

    <p>Alpha helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows us to accommodate to different environments, such as temperatures?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when proteins are directed to their final destination?

    <p>Protein targeting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of a protein?

    <p>The sequence of amino acids in a protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

    <p>The interaction between multiple protein subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for the post-translational modification of proteins?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the addition of a sugar molecule to a protein?

    <p>Glycosylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when proteins are activated or deactivated through the addition or removal of phosphate groups?

    <p>Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of breaking down proteins into smaller fragments?

    <p>Proteolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of methionine in protein synthesis?

    <p>It is not needed in most proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which post-translational modification is particularly important for signaling proteins?

    <p>Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein class that assists in protein folding?

    <p>Chaperone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does glycosylation primarily take place?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of adding or removing phosphate groups from proteins?

    <p>Dephosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of post-translational modifications in proteins?

    <p>To assist in protein folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of proteolysis as a post-translational modification?

    <p>To remove signal peptides from the protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dysulfide bridges in protein folding?

    <p>To form tertiary structures in the protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hydroxylation as a post-translational modification?

    <p>To enhance structural integrity of the protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chaperones in protein folding?

    <p>To assist in the formation and folding of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to misfolded proteins that cannot be correctly folded?

    <p>They are sent to the proteasome for degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of protein misfolding and accumulation?

    <p>Formation of amyloid fibrils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most well-known degenerative disease associated with protein misfolding?

    <p>Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of heat shock proteins in protein folding?

    <p>To assist in the formation and folding of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of protein misfolding and accumulation in the cell?

    <p>Impaired cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chaperones in the folding of misfolded proteins?

    <p>To transport proteins to the Golgi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease used to be considered an old people disease but is now being diagnosed in younger individuals as well?

    <p>Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of adding a sugar tree on top of a protein called?

    <p>Glycosylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the sugar mentioned in the text that is part of the glycoproteins found in the human body?

    <p>Anacetylneuromininic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is glycosylation important for protein stability?

    <p>It prevents protein degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of scientists studying Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Protein misfolding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain?

    <p>Protein aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease mentioned in the text that is associated with misfolded proteins?

    <p>Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range mentioned in the text where people used to start getting Alzheimer more often?

    <p>60-70 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the complex structures formed by adding sugar trees on top of proteins?

    <p>Glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason mentioned in the text for the earlier onset of Alzheimer's disease in our society?

    <p>Environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of protein glycosylation?

    <p>Causing congenital disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme responsible for adding a phosphate group to a protein?

    <p>Protein kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of protein phosphatase?

    <p>Removing a phosphate group from a protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a protein is phosphorylated?

    <p>It becomes active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acids can be used for protein phosphorylation?

    <p>Serine, threonine, and tyrosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when proteins are activated or deactivated through the addition or removal of phosphate groups?

    <p>Protein phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of protein glycosylation in the ABO blood group system?

    <p>Determining the blood type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if there is a problem in protein glycosylation?

    <p>Congenital disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of protein kinase?

    <p>Adding a phosphate group to a protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do viruses use protein glycosylation to evade the immune system?

    <p>By hiding viral proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is responsible for removing sugars from the blood?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the insulin receptor when it becomes heavily phosphorylated?

    <p>It becomes active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins are activated by the insulin receptor downstream signaling cascade?

    <p>IRS1, IRS2, IRS3, IRS4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of act in the glucose transport vesicle?

    <p>To transport glucose from the outside to the inside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key requirement for the transport of glucose from the outside to the inside of the cell?

    <p>Correct phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the process of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation usually take?

    <p>Seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in the signaling pathway?

    <p>To switch on other pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial form of insulin after translation?

    <p>Inactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of adding or removing phosphate groups from proteins?

    <p>Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of incorrect phosphorylation of proteins in the signaling pathway?

    <p>Inactivation of the insulin receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hydroxylation in the stability of collagen fibers?

    <p>Hydroxylation forms chemical bonds between collagen proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a shortage of vitamin C in the body?

    <p>Formation of loose collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of proteolysis in the activation of insulin?

    <p>Proteolysis breaks the connection between connecting peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of vitamin C in the hydroxylation of proline?

    <p>Vitamin C converts iron II plus to iron III plus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a shortage of hydroxyproline in collagen fibers?

    <p>Formation of loose collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin in the body?

    <p>To regulate blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of collagen in the human body?

    <p>To provide stability to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of protein misfolding and accumulation?

    <p>Decreased stability of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of chaperones in protein folding?

    <p>To assist in the proper folding of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of a protein?

    <p>Sequence of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for the post-translational modification of proteins?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of protein misfolding and accumulation?

    <p>Formation of protein aggregates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of chaperones in protein folding?

    <p>Prevent protein misfolding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a stretch of amino acids that does not make a functional protein?

    <p>Non-functional sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hydroxylation in the stability of collagen fibers?

    <p>Promote collagen cross-linking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of protein glycosylation in the ABO blood group system?

    <p>Determining blood type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in the signaling pathway?

    <p>Activate or deactivate proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of protein kinase?

    <p>Add phosphate groups to proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when proteins are directed to their final destination?

    <p>Protein targeting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of magnesium in protein folding?

    <p>Stabilize protein structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nickname given to English sailors in the Royal Navy?

    <p>Limeys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of scurvy?

    <p>Lack of vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of Captain James Linde in the discovery of preventing scurvy?

    <p>He sailed to South Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'limy'?

    <p>It is a nickname for British sailors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial belief about scurvy in the Royal Navy?

    <p>It was considered a normal part of sailing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of eating oranges and limes on the English sailors?

    <p>Their symptoms of scurvy disappeared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the English sailors suffering from scurvy?

    <p>Lack of vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'limey' in modern times?

    <p>It is a nickname for British sailors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the English sailors discover about preventing scurvy?

    <p>They discovered the benefits of eating oranges and limes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the diet of English sailors in the Royal Navy like?

    <p>They primarily lived on water and dry bread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is NOT mentioned as a possible destination for proteins in the cell?

    <p>Plasma Membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary sequence of amino acids that signals a protein to be transported to the nucleus?

    <p>Proline, proline, lysine, lysine, lysine, argin, lysine, valine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe proteins that escape degradation and form aggregates in the brain?

    <p>Prion proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of eating misfolded prion proteins?

    <p>Protein aggregation in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does phospholation of proteins usually take place?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of prion proteins in relation to Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Prion proteins can also form aggregates in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What caused mad cow disease?

    <p>Eating British beef</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the destination of a protein within the cell?

    <p>The primary sequence of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does protein folding usually occur?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of post-translational modifications?

    <p>To activate or deactivate proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of scurvy among English sailors in the 18th century?

    <p>Lack of vitamin C in their diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nickname given to English sailors in reference to their battle against scurvy?

    <p>Limeys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of Captain James Linde in the discovery of a cure for scurvy?

    <p>He was a captain in the Royal Navy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main symptom of scurvy among English sailors?

    <p>Collagen loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'limey' in reference to English sailors?

    <p>It refers to their consumption of limes to prevent scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of consuming oranges and limes on English sailors suffering from scurvy?

    <p>It helped prevent scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for English sailors suffering from scurvy during their voyages?

    <p>Lack of fresh fruits and juices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct term for the loss of collagen caused by a shortage of vitamin C?

    <p>Scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the discovery made by English sailors regarding scurvy prevention?

    <p>It led to the understanding of the importance of vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nickname given to British sailors in modern times?

    <p>Limies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the mitochondria contains the tom complex?

    <p>Outer membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the TIM complex in protein import?

    <p>Inserting proteins into the inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ton complex in protein import?

    <p>Picking up proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the signaling sequence in a protein?

    <p>To direct the protein to its destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the signal peptide of a protein once it has reached its destination?

    <p>It is no longer necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the matrix space of the mitochondria located?

    <p>Between the two membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of HP70 in protein import?

    <p>Hydrolyzing ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the translocation channel in the mitochondria?

    <p>Transporting proteins through the outer membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the import receptor in protein import?

    <p>To bind to the signaling sequence of the protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the TIM complex in protein import?

    <p>Inserting proteins into the outer membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme cleaves off the signal peptide during protein synthesis?

    <p>Signal peptidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the protein end up after being stuffed through the translocator?

    <p>ER lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens after the protein is inside the ER lumen?

    <p>The translocator is closed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ribosome complex during protein synthesis?

    <p>Connecting to the ER membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pore in the ER membrane?

    <p>Connecting to the ribosome complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents the protein from escaping after it is inside the ER lumen?

    <p>Closed translocator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step in protein synthesis at the ER?

    <p>Binding of ribosome to the ER surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the translocator during protein synthesis?

    <p>Stuffing the protein through</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the signal peptide after it is cleaved off?

    <p>It is degraded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in protein synthesis at the ER?

    <p>Closing the translocator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins within the cell?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the majority of the cytosol made up of in an exocrine cell?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the signal sequence that tells a ribosome to go to the endoplasmic reticulum usually the same as?

    <p>The first part of the synthesized protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for exporting proteins into the cytosol?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does protein import into the endoplasmic reticulum occur?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins themselves and exporting them?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is known as the 'network' responsible for synthesizing proteins within the cell?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is specifically designed for exocrine function and is filled with endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Pancreatic beta cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the majority of the cytosol made up of endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Pancreatic beta cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the delicate process of protein import into the endoplasmic reticulum called?

    <p>Protein translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During protein translation, what causes the translocation process to stop?

    <p>The synthesis of a stop transfer sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens after the translocation process is stopped during protein translation?

    <p>The ribosome continues to synthesize inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the start domain during protein translation?

    <p>To restart the translocation process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the alternation of start and stop codons during protein translation?

    <p>The protein is synthesized outside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the stitching process during protein translation?

    <p>To facilitate the translocation process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a signal peptide in protein translation?

    <p>To target the protein to a specific location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a protein lacking a signal peptide during translation?

    <p>The protein will not be synthesized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ER in the translocation process?

    <p>To provide a channel for protein translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of protein synthesis?

    <p>The cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ribosome in protein translation?

    <p>To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During protein synthesis, which molecule recognizes the signal sequence and connects to the ribosomal complex?

    <p>Signal recognition particle (SRP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the SRP connects to the ribosomal complex during protein synthesis?

    <p>Translation is paused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the SRP receptor during protein synthesis?

    <p>Bind to the protein translocator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the protein translocator located in relation to the SRP receptor?

    <p>Close to the SRP receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the connection between the SRP receptor and the SRP is loosened during protein synthesis?

    <p>Translation continues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds the ribosomal complex on the membrane of the ER during protein synthesis?

    <p>Protein translocator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the signal sequence in a protein?

    <p>Direct the ribosome complex to the ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the signal peptide during protein synthesis?

    <p>It is held on by the translocator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the SRP receptor in protein synthesis?

    <p>Bind to the protein translocator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the protein end up after being stuffed through the protein translocator?

    <p>Lumen of the ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

    <p>Ribosomes that are free-floating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the signal recognition particle (SRP) in the ribosome complex?

    <p>To drive the ribosome towards the ER membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ribosome complex after the translation process is completed?

    <p>It is liberated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a ribosome is a free ribosome or an ER-bound ribosome?

    <p>The presence of a signal sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the signal peptidase in the synthesis of secretory proteins?

    <p>To disconnect the signal sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the stop-transfer sequence in the synthesis of transmembrane proteins?

    <p>To stop the transfer of the protein into the ER lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a protein with a stop-transfer sequence is packed into a vesicle?

    <p>The protein is transported to the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the translation process if the ribosome continues after the stop-transfer sequence is encountered?

    <p>A protein with a part sticking outside and a part sticking inside the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between secretory proteins and transmembrane proteins?

    <p>Secretory proteins have a signal sequence, while transmembrane proteins have a stop-transfer sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the translocator in the synthesis of secretory proteins and transmembrane proteins?

    <p>To facilitate the transfer of the protein into the ER lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelles are involved in vesicular transport?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can proteins be directed to via secretory vesicles?

    <p>Early endosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the trans-Golgi network?

    <p>Sorting proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to early endosomes in the process of vesicular transport?

    <p>They can mature into late endosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can proteins be transported directly from the Golgi via vesicles?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the constitutive pathway?

    <p>A pathway that is active anyway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the discussion surrounding early endosomes and late endosomes?

    <p>Whether early endosomes mature into late endosomes or are distinct organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be imported into the cell via vesicular transport?

    <p>Particles from outside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vesicular transport in protein transport?

    <p>To transport proteins between different cellular compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the video mentioned in the text?

    <p>The process of vesicular transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the recycling of transferrin receptors?

    <p>Early endosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of COP1 physicals in vesicular transport?

    <p>Transporting proteins from the Golgi to the ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins are primarily found on the surface of clathrin-coated vesicles?

    <p>Clathrin proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the fusion process in vesicular transport?

    <p>Integration of vesicles with target membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of clathrin proteins in the budding process of vesicular transport?

    <p>To connect to receptor proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of class II physicals in vesicular transport?

    <p>Insertion of material from the outside into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the transport phase in vesicular transport?

    <p>Selection of transport destination for vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of COP2 physicals in vesicular transport?

    <p>Transporting proteins from the ER to the Golgi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the maturation process in endosomal transport?

    <p>Transport of proteins from the Golgi to the ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the fluidity of membranes in the budding process of vesicular transport?

    <p>It allows clathrin proteins to connect to receptor proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule plays a role in determining the destination of transport vesicles in a cell?

    <p>Phosphatidinosital phosphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of phosphatidinosital phosphate is found in regulated exocytosis?

    <p>PI4P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of phosphatidinosital phosphate is found in phagocytosis?

    <p>PI3P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of phosphatidinosital phosphate is found at the start of phagocytosis?

    <p>PI2P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of phosphatidinosital phosphate is found later on in phagocytosis?

    <p>PIP3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the proteins that regulate the selective process of protein transport in a cell?

    <p>Rep proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule can be modified to create different varieties of phosphatidinosital phosphates?

    <p>Sugar groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the vesicles that contain the cargo believed to play a role in determining their destination?

    <p>Specific phosphatidinosital phosphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the addition of sugar groups to phosphatidinosital phosphates?

    <p>Glycosylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the modification of sugar groups on phosphatidinosital phosphates?

    <p>Acetylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the position of the phosphate group on the sugar in phosphatidinosital phosphates?

    <p>Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins play an important role in the transport of vesicles between the ER and Golgi complex?

    <p>Rep one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of V-snares and T-snares in vesicle fusion?

    <p>They facilitate the fusion of vesicles with the target membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the modification of sugars occur in the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>In the medieval part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the constitutive secretory pathway?

    <p>Unregulated protein transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of coated vesicles in the regulated pathway?

    <p>Waiting for a signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the rep effector proteins?

    <p>Recognition of specific rep proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to V-snares and T-snares after vesicle fusion?

    <p>They are degraded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Golgi apparatus in protein transport?

    <p>Sorting of vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of rep proteins in vesicular transport?

    <p>Regulation of transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tethering proteins in vesicular transport?

    <p>Grabbing vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins mentioned in the text?

    <p>DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the green structure used for identification of saccharoprene in the text?

    <p>Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can literature regarding protein import in vesicle transport be found according to the text?

    <p>In PubMed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when the PI is switched and an existing PI is enzymatically changed to a new one?

    <p>PI alteration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do you need to know all the different PI's according to the text?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are structure proteins found in according to the text?

    <p>Hair and nails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of proteins for muscle movement according to the text?

    <p>To enable contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of proteins in transport according to the text?

    <p>To transport other molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Rep-Effector protein according to the text?

    <p>To facilitate vesicle transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can literature regarding protein transport inside the cell be found according to the text?

    <p>In PubMed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a major function of proteins in the text?

    <p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the compound that is attached to a protein as a 'death signal' for degradation?

    <p>Ubiquitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for degrading proteins in the cell?

    <p>To prevent accumulation of misfolded proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for protein degradation in the cell?

    <p>Proteasome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the degradation signal that becomes apparent on a protein after it has completed its function?

    <p>Misfolding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of not degrading misfolded proteins in the cell?

    <p>Formation of protein aggregates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chaperones in protein folding?

    <p>Assisting in correct protein folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the compound that is used for oxygen transport in the body?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a protein involved in membrane transport?

    <p>Proteasome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a function of proteins in the text?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do amino acids come from to make proteins?

    <p>They are obtained from our nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the proteasome in obtaining amino acids?

    <p>It breaks down proteins into amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are proteasomes located inside the cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of E2 and E3 in the ubiquitin ligase complex?

    <p>E3 adds ubiquitin to the protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of polyubiquitination in protein modification?

    <p>It degrades proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What book is recommended to study the information in this lecture?

    <p>Albut's Molecular Biology of the Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next case that will be discussed in the lecture?

    <p>Protein import</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of this lecture?

    <p>To provide an overview of protein synthesis and degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When will the handouts of this lecture be posted?

    <p>Immediately after the lecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action for the audience after this lecture?

    <p>Digest the lecture information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ubiquitin ligase in protein degradation?

    <p>To add ubiquitin to the target protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a target protein is bound to the ubiquitin ligase?

    <p>Ubiquitin is added to the target protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of E1 enzymes in the ubiquitination process?

    <p>To add more ubiquitins to the first one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the proteasome in protein degradation?

    <p>To degrade proteins into smaller pieces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the active site in the proteasome?

    <p>To degrade proteins into smaller pieces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ubiquitin in the proteasome?

    <p>It is snapped off for reuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end result of protein degradation in the proteasome?

    <p>Single amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chaperones in protein folding?

    <p>To assist in protein folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the tom complex in the mitochondria?

    <p>To transport proteins into the mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the signal recognition particle (SRP) in protein synthesis?

    <p>To guide proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the proteasome contains the active site responsible for degrading proteins?

    <p>The part where proteins are stuffed in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the E1 enzymes in the ubiquitination process?

    <p>To add more ubiquitins to the first one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ubiquitin added to the target protein by the ubiquitin ligase?

    <p>It is targeted to the amino group on the lysine side chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lysine side chain in the ubiquitination process?

    <p>To bind to the ubiquitin ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ubiquitin ligase in the ubiquitination process?

    <p>To recognize the degradation signal on the target protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the proteasome in the cell?

    <p>To degrade proteins into smaller pieces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the E1 enzymes in the ubiquitination process?

    <p>To add more ubiquitins to the first one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a protein lacking ubiquitination?

    <p>It cannot be degraded by the proteasome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ubiquitin tree in the ubiquitination process?

    <p>To add more ubiquitins to the first one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lysine side chain in the ubiquitination process?

    <p>To bind to the ubiquitin ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

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