3. Prevention of Online Threats and Falsehoods

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Questions and Answers

What is a condition that must be satisfied for a correction order (CO) to be issued against a respondent?

The respondent must have knowledge of the statement's falsity.

The relevant statement must be a statement of opinion.

The court must find that it is just and equitable to issue the order. (correct)

The respondent must be a government entity.

Under which condition can an SPO be issued against an entity without them knowing the relevant statement is false?

The entity must be aware of the potential impact of the statement.

The entity must have a history of false publications.

It must be established that the statement is false on a balance of probabilities. (correct)

The entity must be an internet intermediary.

What is a requirement for the court to issue a disabling order (DO) against an internet intermediary?

The intermediary must have published the statement voluntarily.

The court must be satisfied the statement is a false statement of law.

The statement must cause harm to the public interest.

The intermediary must provide a service where the false statement is being published. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a basis for issuing a correction order (CO)?

The respondent did not intend to mislead the public. Signup and view all the answers

In what circumstance can a court order a respondent to stop publishing a statement?

If the court finds it just and equitable based on relevant statements. Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes X's guilt in the scenario where X states Y’s identity information and encourages violence against Y?

X must intend to cause fear of violence. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the offence detailed in Section 5, what must X demonstrate to be guilty of causing Y to believe violence is likely against A?

X must intend for Y to believe violence will be used against A. Signup and view all the answers

What must occur for B to be guilty of an offence after posting Y’s home address in response to X's threats?

B must intend to facilitate violence against Y. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would NOT result in a guilty verdict under Section 6 for X?

X posts abusive comments about Y privately. Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for X's subsequent post about Y to be considered guilty under the defined offences regarding public servants?

X must demonstrate a motive of distress to Y. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the directions included under the Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act (POFMA) 2014?

Correction direction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following orders may require internet intermediaries to disable access by end-users?

Disabling order Signup and view all the answers

The Protection from Harassment (Exempt Class of Persons) Order 2014 refers to what?

Persons against whom no protection order may be made Signup and view all the answers

Under the Protection from Harassment (Prescribed Internet Intermediaries and Others) Regulations 2020, what action can be taken against intermediaries?

Implementing targeted correction orders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes coordinated inauthentic behavior as addressed in the POFMA?

Organized engagement in false statements through multiple accounts Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the protection order under Section 12?

To ensure the victim's safety from the respondent. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of order related to false statements?

Protection order Signup and view all the answers

Under which condition can the court issue a stop publication order according to Section 15A?

If it is just and equitable to do so. Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis on which a victim can bring civil proceedings under Section 11?

The victim must establish the respondent's probable contravention. Signup and view all the answers

What does the deeming provision entail in the context of protection orders?

It automatically issues a protection order upon conviction. Signup and view all the answers

What must be demonstrated for a court to grant a correction order?

The statement is false and created harm. Signup and view all the answers

Which section allows victims to seek monetary damages for statutory torts?

Section 11 Signup and view all the answers

The court's decision to issue an order regarding a false statement is based on which standard?

Balance of probabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary aims of the Protection from Harassment Act 2014 (POHA)?

To prevent harassment, alarm, or distress caused by certain online behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Under the Protection from Harassment Act 2014, what offense involves the use of threatening or insulting communication?

Section 3: Intentionally causing harassment, alarm or distress Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum fine for violating Section 3 of the Protection from Harassment Act 2014?

$5,000 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a defense under Section 3 of the Protection from Harassment Act 2014?

The communication was intended as a joke Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the entities that are excluded from the definition of 'entity' under the Protection from Harassment Act 2014?

Public agencies Signup and view all the answers

Which of these acts could potentially constitute an offense under the Protection from Harassment Act 2014?

Posting someone’s private information without consent Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act 2019 (POFMA)?

To protect individuals from deception and manipulation online Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant common feature shared by both the Protection from Harassment Act 2014 and the Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act 2019?

Both aim to protect individuals from online threats Signup and view all the answers

Under the Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act 2019, what type of regulations are enforced?

Prescribed internet intermediaries regulations Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of causing intentional harassment as defined under Section 3 of POHA?

A fine, imprisonment, or both up to specified limits Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Protection from Harassment Act 2014 (POHA)

Scope: Covers online and offline harassment, but this unit focuses on its online application.
Definition of Entity: Any company or association, excluding public agencies.
Offences:
- Section 3: Intentionally causing harassment, alarm, or distress:
  - Using threatening, abusive, or insulting words or behaviour.
  - Making threatening, abusive, or insulting communication.
  - Publishing identity information of the target person or their related person.
  - Penalty: Fine of $5,000 or imprisonment for up to 6 months, or both.
  - Defense: Proving conduct was reasonable.
- Section 4: Causing harassment, alarm, or distress without intent: Similar to Section 3, but without the intent element.
- Section 5: Fear, provocation, or facilitation of violence:
  - Intentionally causing fear of violence.
  - Knowing that it is likely that violence will be used against a person.
  - Penalt: Fine of $10,000 or imprisonment for up to 1 year or both.
- Section 6: Offences in relation to public servants: Offences involving harassment of public servants, including posting their identity information.
Civil Remedies:
- Section 11: Action for statutory tort: Victims can sue for damages if the respondent violated sections 3, 4, 5, or 7.
- Section 12: Protection Order: Victims can apply for a protection order against the respondent if they violated sections 3, 4, 5, or 7.
Orders Relating to False Statements (Sections 15, 15A to 15E):
- Types of Orders:
  - Stop Publication Order (SPO): Stops the publication of a false statement of fact.
  - Correction Order (CO): Requires the respondent to publish a correction notice.
  - Disabling Order (DO): Requires internet intermediaries to disable access to the false statement.
  - Targeted Correction Order: Order made against a specific person or entity.
  - General Correction Order: Similar to targeted correction order, but broader in scope.
- Key Points:
  - Orders can be made even if the statement has been amended or removed.
  - Orders can be made against parties inside and outside of Singapore.
  - Orders can require specific actions or restrictions inside and outside of Singapore.
Subsidiary Legislation:
- Protection from Harassment (Exempt Class of Persons) Order 2014: Lists persons against whom a protection order cannot be made.
- Protection from Harassment (Prescribed Internet Intermediaries and Others) Regulations 2020: Lists persons against whom a disabling order, targeted correction order, or general correction order can be made.

Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act 2019 (POFMA)

Similarities with POHA:
- Offence for communicating false statements of fact in Singapore.
- Directions:
- Correction Direction: Requires correction of false statements.
- Stop Communication Direction: Requires stopping the spread of false statements.
- Access Blocking Order: Requires blocking access to false statements.
- Directions to Internet Intermediaries: Similar to orders in POHA.
Declaration of Online Locations: The Act allows for the designation of online locations for specific purposes.
Counteracting Inaccurate Online Accounts and Coordinated Behavior: The Act includes measures to address inauthentic online accounts and coordinated actions intended to manipulate public opinion.

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Description

Test your understanding of the Protection from Harassment Act 2014, focusing on its online applications. This quiz covers key offences, penalties, and definitions of harassment as outlined in the Act. Enhance your knowledge about legal protections against harassment online.