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Questions and Answers
What is the normal serum PSA level for men?
What is the normal serum PSA level for men?
Which of the following may indicate benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) rather than prostate cancer?
Which of the following may indicate benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) rather than prostate cancer?
What characteristic might indicate the presence of urea-splitting bacteria in urine?
What characteristic might indicate the presence of urea-splitting bacteria in urine?
Which of the following is a plausible cause of cloudy urine?
Which of the following is a plausible cause of cloudy urine?
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What should be considered when sending a patient for serial PSA testing?
What should be considered when sending a patient for serial PSA testing?
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Which factor does NOT affect the color of urine?
Which factor does NOT affect the color of urine?
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In what situation might digital rectal examinations be withheld when checking PSA levels?
In what situation might digital rectal examinations be withheld when checking PSA levels?
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Which of the following statements regarding urine appearance is true?
Which of the following statements regarding urine appearance is true?
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What is the primary position a patient should be placed in immediately after a biopsy?
What is the primary position a patient should be placed in immediately after a biopsy?
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How frequently should vital signs be taken during the first hour after a biopsy?
How frequently should vital signs be taken during the first hour after a biopsy?
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What is a potential sign of bleeding into the muscle after a biopsy?
What is a potential sign of bleeding into the muscle after a biopsy?
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What should be monitored to assess for anemia after a biopsy?
What should be monitored to assess for anemia after a biopsy?
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Which symptom should a patient report to their healthcare provider after a biopsy?
Which symptom should a patient report to their healthcare provider after a biopsy?
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What should be avoided for at least 2 weeks following a biopsy?
What should be avoided for at least 2 weeks following a biopsy?
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What is a potential intervention if perirenal bleeding develops post-biopsy?
What is a potential intervention if perirenal bleeding develops post-biopsy?
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What is one reason catheterization may be performed?
What is one reason catheterization may be performed?
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What is the significance of weighing the patient before dialysis and every 24 hours thereafter?
What is the significance of weighing the patient before dialysis and every 24 hours thereafter?
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Why is it important for the patient to empty their bladder before the procedure?
Why is it important for the patient to empty their bladder before the procedure?
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What equipment is needed to monitor central venous pressure during peritoneal dialysis?
What equipment is needed to monitor central venous pressure during peritoneal dialysis?
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What is the purpose of flushing the tubing with dialysis solution prior to the procedure?
What is the purpose of flushing the tubing with dialysis solution prior to the procedure?
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What is one key nursing action to emotionally prepare the patient for peritoneal dialysis?
What is one key nursing action to emotionally prepare the patient for peritoneal dialysis?
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Why is it necessary to measure vital signs before dialysis?
Why is it necessary to measure vital signs before dialysis?
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Which type of anesthesia is typically used for the procedure?
Which type of anesthesia is typically used for the procedure?
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What action should be taken to protect the patient from airborne contamination during the procedure?
What action should be taken to protect the patient from airborne contamination during the procedure?
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What symptom might a patient experience during a cystoscopic examination due to fluid flow?
What symptom might a patient experience during a cystoscopic examination due to fluid flow?
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What nursing intervention is essential after a cystoscopic examination?
What nursing intervention is essential after a cystoscopic examination?
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What is a likely postoperative symptom a patient may experience after a cystoscopy?
What is a likely postoperative symptom a patient may experience after a cystoscopy?
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Which condition is specifically contraindicated for cystoscopy?
Which condition is specifically contraindicated for cystoscopy?
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What does a cystometrogram assess during urodynamic testing?
What does a cystometrogram assess during urodynamic testing?
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What function does urodynamics testing primarily evaluate?
What function does urodynamics testing primarily evaluate?
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What precaution should be advised to a patient after a cystoscopy to relieve discomfort?
What precaution should be advised to a patient after a cystoscopy to relieve discomfort?
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During urodynamics, what indicates a normal detrusor contraction on the graph?
During urodynamics, what indicates a normal detrusor contraction on the graph?
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Which type of dialysis involves a machine for automated processes during the night?
Which type of dialysis involves a machine for automated processes during the night?
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What is a key indication for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)?
What is a key indication for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)?
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Which of the following correctly describes a procedure that uses a double lumen catheter?
Which of the following correctly describes a procedure that uses a double lumen catheter?
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What is the minimum mean arterial pressure required for adequate blood flow in CAVH?
What is the minimum mean arterial pressure required for adequate blood flow in CAVH?
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Which of the following is not a method of hemodialysis?
Which of the following is not a method of hemodialysis?
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What is a common monitoring concern for patients undergoing CRRT?
What is a common monitoring concern for patients undergoing CRRT?
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Which type of dialysis utilizes a prolonged dwell time during the day?
Which type of dialysis utilizes a prolonged dwell time during the day?
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What type of catheter is used in procedures like CAVH?
What type of catheter is used in procedures like CAVH?
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Study Notes
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
- PSA is an amino acid glycoprotein measured in serum via blood test.
- Elevated PSA levels indicate prostate disease but are not exclusive to prostate cancer.
- PSA levels increase with prostate cancer growth; normal is less than 4 ng/mL.
- Levels below 10 ng/mL may suggest benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
- Patients treated for prostate cancer are monitored periodically for PSA to detect recurrence.
- No patient preparation is necessary prior to PSA testing.
- Digital rectal examinations during PSA draw may not be recommended to avoid artificially elevated levels.
- Consistency in laboratory testing is essential for serial PSA measurements.
Urinalysis
- Urinalysis examines urine for characteristics such as appearance, pH, specific gravity, and cellular content.
- Normal urine appears clear; cloudiness can indicate phosphaturia, pyuria, or other issues.
- Odour can be influenced by diet (e.g., asparagus) or bacteria; abnormal odours may indicate infections.
- Urine colour indicates concentration; normal is clear yellow or amber, while dark colours suggest dehydration.
- Cystoscopy may provoke urges to urinate; contraindicated in patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs).
- Nursing post-cystoscopy requires monitoring for urinary retention, infection, and managing patient discomfort.
Urodynamics
- Urodynamics tests assess the lower urinary tract's function regarding urine storage and emptying.
- Uroflowmetry measures urine flow rate; results displayed in real time.
- Cystometrogram records pressures in the bladder during filling/emptying; assesses bladder function.
- Catheters are inserted for accurate pressure measurements and to fill the bladder for testing.
Post-Biopsy Nursing Management
- After biopsy, patients should rest on their abdomen for 8 to 24 hours to minimize bleeding risks.
- Vital signs should be monitored closely to detect hemorrhage complications.
- Signs of bleeding include flank pain, backache, or abdominal discomfort.
- Maintain fluid intake of 3,000 mL daily unless renal insufficiency is present.
- Patients should avoid strenuous activities for at least two weeks post-biopsy and report any concerning symptoms.
Catheterization Procedures
- Catheterization can relieve urinary retention or drain urine pre- or post-surgery.
- Multiple dialysis methods are available, including peritoneal and hemodialysis, as well as continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for critically ill patients.
- CRRT indicated for conditions such as acute renal failure, heart failure, and metabolic crises, often requiring specialized care in intensive settings.
Peritoneal Dialysis Procedure Guidelines
- Equipment needed includes a dialysis administration set, solution, and sterile gloves.
- Patient emotional and physical preparedness is essential for the procedure.
- Baseline measurements for weight and vital signs are critical for tracking during dialysis.
- The patient's bladder should be emptied before the procedure to minimize risks.
General Considerations in Nursing Care
- Continuous monitoring of fluid and electrolyte balance is crucial.
- Education about the procedure and potential complications enhances patient understanding and cooperation.
- Administer prophylactic antibiotics and provide pain management as necessary post-procedures.
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Description
This quiz explores the Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), an important biomarker for prostate disease. Learn about its significance in detecting conditions like prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Understand the implications of PSA test results and what they indicate about prostate health.
