FinalTHREESG

A hernia located below the inguinal ligament, protruding through the femoral ring. Often, 40% become incarcerated or strangulated.

A hernia where the contents cannot return to the abdomen.

A hernia where the blood supply to the bowel is cut off; urgent surgical need.

Severe, out-of-proportion pain, redness, swelling, wound drainage - potentially nausea, vomiting, and abdominal distension.

Easily pushed back into the abdomen.

Premature birth, male gender (8-10 times more common), age over 60, smoking, family history, connective tissue disorder, low BMI.

Sudden, severe, one-sided scrotal pain.

Surgical repair usually needed, especially for painful, enlarging, or complications. Watchful waiting for minor/low risk cases.

Surgical removal of the prostate gland.

Various methods, including medication (PDE5 inhibitors), vacuum constriction devices, and even surgery, to improve or restore erectile function.

Medicines like sildenafil (Viagra) and tadalafil (Cialis) that improve blood flow to the penis.

Sexually transmitted infection causing inflammation in the mucous membranes.

PDE5 inhibitor, often used for ED. Dose: initial 50mg, max 100mg, 30-60 minutes before sex. Avoid nitrates and alpha-blockers.

PDE5 inhibitor, often used for ED. Dose: initial 10 mg, max 20mg daily or 1 dose every 72 hours if CYP384 present. Avoid nitrates.

Injection of medicine directly into the penis to increase blood flow.

Medicine used to treat erectile dysfunction by injecting it into the penis to increase blood flow.

Waiting 18-24 months between pregnancies is generally considered optimal for maternal and child health, reducing risks of preterm birth, low birth weight, and infant mortality.

Tailoring contraception advice to each person's unique circumstances, including age, health, lifestyle, and family planning goals, is crucial.

Effective and convenient methods like IUDs and implants offer long-term birth control without daily medication.

Encouraging individuals planning pregnancy to discuss healthy lifestyle habits, folic acid, and addressing any medical conditions for optimal health.

Discussing contraception options after delivery ensures timely initiation of birth control if desired.

Different contraceptive methods exist, including hormonal methods, barrier methods, and natural family planning, each with benefits and limitations.

Evaluating potential health risks associated with different contraceptive methods based on individual medical history.

Discussing the availability and cost of different contraception methods in the individual's area is essential for informed choices.

High blood pressure during pregnancy, categorized as chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, or eclampsia.

Excessive nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, often linked to increased hormones like hCG, estrogen, and thyroid levels.

A condition where the blood doesn't have enough red blood cells, which can affect oxygen transport to the fetus.

Common skin conditions in pregnancy: Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy (PUPP), Pemphigoid Gestationis (PG), and Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP).

A bacterium commonly found in the vagina and rectum of pregnant women, which can cause serious infections in newborns during labor and delivery.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, like citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, and sertraline, are often used to treat depression during pregnancy.

Insulin is the preferred treatment for diabetes during pregnancy due to its effectiveness and safety for the baby.

Methyldopa, labetalol, and nifedipine are generally recognized as safe for managing high blood pressure during pregnancy.

A condition where one or both testicles haven't descended into the scrotum naturally.

Surgery performed to reposition an undescended testicle into the scrotum.

Early surgery reduces the risk of infertility and potential testicular cancer.

Most experts recommend performing orchiopexy between 6 months and 1 year of age.

An undescended testicle can impair sperm production, increasing the risk of infertility.

Some studies suggest a slightly increased risk of testicular cancer associated with undescended testicles.

Difficulty getting or keeping an erection firm enough for sex.

ED can be caused by various factors, including medical conditions, medications, substance use, psychological factors, aging, and other factors.

ED medications are not suitable for everyone, especially those taking nitrates or alpha-blockers.

The distance from the top of your uterus to the pubic bone is typically not very high before 20 weeks of pregnancy.

The distance from the top of your uterus to the pubic bone starts to decrease after 36 weeks of pregnancy as the baby drops lower in your pelvis.

A baby who is positioned with their bottom or feet first in the uterus.

An enlargement of the veins in the scrotum, often causing blood to pool instead of circulating efficiently.

A scrotal ultrasound with color Doppler imaging is the primary diagnostic test to assess blood flow in the affected veins.

Varicoceles can lead to poor sperm development, low sperm production, and infertility.

Varicoceles are graded based on their palpability, from only noticeable with strain (Grade 1) to visible (Grade 3).

Approximately 65-75% of men with varicoceles experience a decline in fertility.

Regularly checking your testicles for lumps or changes in size or shape.

Factors that increase the chance of a boy having cryptorchidism include premature birth, family history, low birth weight, and exposure to certain chemicals before birth.

An undescended testicle can affect sperm production and increase the risk of infertility.

A serious condition where the prostate gland is inflamed due to a bacterial infection, typically affecting younger men.

A long-term inflammation of the prostate, often caused by bacteria or other factors, commonly affecting men between 40 and 70 years old.

Causes of prostatitis include ascending urinary tract infections, spread from the rectum, and rare occurrences from bloodstream infections. Procedures like catheterization or prostate surgery can also contribute.

If you suspect acute prostatitis, DO NOT massage the prostate. This can lead to sepsis.

Inflammation of the prostate gland, a common condition causing urinary discomfort and pain.

In acute prostatitis, urine analysis shows white blood cells (pyuria) and sometimes blood (hematuria).

Urine cultures are positive in acute prostatitis, indicating bacteria infection. In chronic cases, cultures might be negative.

For men under 35, treat prostatitis with ceftriaxone and doxycycline to cover chlamydia and gonorrhea.

For men over 35, treat with fluoroquinolones or Bactrim for extended periods (4-6 weeks) to ensure infection eradication.

Inflammation of the epididymis, the coiled tube behind the testes, causing scrotal pain and swelling.

Relief with elevation of the scrotum is a classic sign of epididymitis.

Testicular torsion causes sudden intense pain, while epididymitis pain is gradual. Torsion has higher testicle, absent cremasteric reflex, and decreased blood flow on ultrasound.

The spermatic vein, which drains blood from the testicle, becomes dilated and twisted, leading to blood pooling.

A scrotal ultrasound with color Doppler imaging is essential to assess blood flow and confirm the diagnosis.

A painless, soft, and often palpable mass in the scrotum that feels like a bag of worms, often worsening with prolonged standing or straining.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, an enlargement of the prostate gland common in aging men, often causing urinary symptoms.

A surgical procedure using small incisions and a laparoscope to repair a hernia with minimal disruption to the body.

A thin, telescope-like instrument with a camera attached, used in minimally invasive surgery to visualize internal organs.

A material used in hernia repair to reinforce the weakened area and prevent recurrence.

Hernias on both sides of the body.

Tests to detect sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

An antibiotic used to treat gonorrhea.

A topical medication used to treat external genital warts. It's applied twice daily for three times per week until the warts are resolved, with a maximum treatment duration of four weeks.

A topical cream used to treat external genital warts by stimulating the immune system to fight the virus. It's applied at bedtime three times per week for 16 weeks.

A topical ointment made from green tea extract, used to treat external genital warts. It's applied three times a day for 16 weeks.

A treatment for external genital warts using liquid nitrogen to freeze the warts and destroy the infected tissue. It's usually repeated every 1-2 weeks.

An antibiotic used to treat chlamydia infection. A single 1-gram oral dose is typically sufficient.

An antibiotic used to treat chlamydia infection. It's taken orally twice a day for seven days.

Nucleic acid amplification tests, used to diagnose chlamydia infection by detecting the presence of the chlamydia bacteria's genetic material.

An infection caused by an overgrowth of the Candida fungus, commonly in the vaginal area. Individuals may experience symptoms like vaginal discharge, itching, and burning.