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Questions and Answers
Which process occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells?
Which process occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells?
- RNA transcription (correct)
- Translation
- Post-transcription processing
- DNA replication
Which type of RNA transports amino acids to the ribosome?
Which type of RNA transports amino acids to the ribosome?
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) (correct)
- All of the above
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
- RNA → Protein → DNA
- Protein → RNA → DNA
- Protein → DNA → RNA
- DNA → RNA → Protein (correct)
Which enzyme catalyzes the linkage of ribonucleotides during transcription?
Which enzyme catalyzes the linkage of ribonucleotides during transcription?
What is the error rate of RNA polymerase during transcription?
What is the error rate of RNA polymerase during transcription?
Which of the following is a function of non-coding RNA (ncRNA)?
Which of the following is a function of non-coding RNA (ncRNA)?
Which of the following is true about transcription in bacteria?
Which of the following is true about transcription in bacteria?
Which of the following is true about catalytic RNA (ribozymes)?
Which of the following is true about catalytic RNA (ribozymes)?
Which of the following can cause disease when mutated at splice sites?
Which of the following can cause disease when mutated at splice sites?
What is the first modification that happens to bacterial RNA during RNA processing?
What is the first modification that happens to bacterial RNA during RNA processing?
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding a 12-15 bp segment of the DNA during transcription initiation?
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding a 12-15 bp segment of the DNA during transcription initiation?
What is the function of the activator in transcription initiation?
What is the function of the activator in transcription initiation?
Which proteins are required for transcription elongation in eukaryotes?
Which proteins are required for transcription elongation in eukaryotes?
What is the purpose of RNA splicing?
What is the purpose of RNA splicing?
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding a 12-15 bp segment of the DNA during transcription initiation?
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding a 12-15 bp segment of the DNA during transcription initiation?
What is the function of the activator in transcription initiation?
What is the function of the activator in transcription initiation?
Which proteins are required for transcription elongation in eukaryotes?
Which proteins are required for transcription elongation in eukaryotes?
Which of the following is the first modification that happens to bacterial RNA during RNA processing?
Which of the following is the first modification that happens to bacterial RNA during RNA processing?
What is the purpose of RNA splicing?
What is the purpose of RNA splicing?
Which enzyme catalyzes the linkage of ribonucleotides during transcription?
Which enzyme catalyzes the linkage of ribonucleotides during transcription?
Which process occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells?
Which process occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following is true about RNA transcription in prokaryotes?
Which of the following is true about RNA transcription in prokaryotes?
Which of the following is true about RNA transcription in eukaryotes?
Which of the following is true about RNA transcription in eukaryotes?
Which type of RNA associates with proteins to form ribosomes in the cytoplasm?
Which type of RNA associates with proteins to form ribosomes in the cytoplasm?
Which type of RNA transports amino acids to the ribosome?
Which type of RNA transports amino acids to the ribosome?
Which of the following is true about RNA and DNA?
Which of the following is true about RNA and DNA?
What is the flow of genetic information according to the central dogma of molecular biology?
What is the flow of genetic information according to the central dogma of molecular biology?
Which type of RNA is formed complementary to one strand of DNA and codes for proteins?
Which type of RNA is formed complementary to one strand of DNA and codes for proteins?
Which of the following is true about transcription in bacteria?
Which of the following is true about transcription in bacteria?
What is the function of the sigma (σ) factor in bacterial transcription?
What is the function of the sigma (σ) factor in bacterial transcription?
Which of the following is true about general/basal transcription factors?
Which of the following is true about general/basal transcription factors?
What is the consensus sequence that is typically located ~25bp upstream of the initiation site in eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters?
What is the consensus sequence that is typically located ~25bp upstream of the initiation site in eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters?
Which of the following is true about RNA polymerase error rates during transcription?
Which of the following is true about RNA polymerase error rates during transcription?
Which of the following is a function of transcription factors in eukaryotic transcription?
Which of the following is a function of transcription factors in eukaryotic transcription?
Which of the following is true about the scrunching mechanism in bacterial transcription?
Which of the following is true about the scrunching mechanism in bacterial transcription?
Which of the following is true about alternative splicing?
Which of the following is true about alternative splicing?
Which of the following can cause disease when mutated at splice sites?
Which of the following can cause disease when mutated at splice sites?
Which of the following is true about mRNA?
Which of the following is true about mRNA?
Which of the following is true about DNA and RNA?
Which of the following is true about DNA and RNA?
What is the product of transcription called?
What is the product of transcription called?
Which of the following is required for transcription initiation?
Which of the following is required for transcription initiation?
Which of the following is true about bacterial RNA processing?
Which of the following is true about bacterial RNA processing?
Which of the following is true about DNA gyrase in bacteria?
Which of the following is true about DNA gyrase in bacteria?
What is the first modification that happens to bacterial RNA during RNA processing?
What is the first modification that happens to bacterial RNA during RNA processing?
Flashcards
Transcription
Transcription
The process of creating an RNA molecule using a DNA template.
mRNA
mRNA
Messenger RNA. It carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for translation into protein.
tRNA
tRNA
Transfer RNA. It transports amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
Central Dogma
Central Dogma
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RNA Polymerase
RNA Polymerase
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Helicase
Helicase
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Non-coding RNA (ncRNA)
Non-coding RNA (ncRNA)
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Ribozyme
Ribozyme
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Sigma Factor (σ)
Sigma Factor (σ)
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5' Cap
5' Cap
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RNA Splicing
RNA Splicing
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Alternative Splicing
Alternative Splicing
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TATA Box
TATA Box
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Activator
Activator
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Elongation Factor
Elongation Factor
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General Transcription Factors
General Transcription Factors
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Transcription Initiation
Transcription Initiation
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Transcription Elongation
Transcription Elongation
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Transcription Termination
Transcription Termination
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DNA Gyrase
DNA Gyrase
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Fidelity
Fidelity
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Introns
Introns
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Exons
Exons
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Splice Site
Splice Site
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Promoter
Promoter
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Translation
Translation
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Ribosome
Ribosome
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Amino Acid
Amino Acid
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Genetic Code
Genetic Code
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Study Notes
Nucleus and RNA Processes
- Transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
- mRNA (messenger RNA) is formed complementary to one strand of DNA and codes for proteins.
- tRNA (transfer RNA) transports amino acids to the ribosome.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
- The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information as DNA → RNA → Protein.
Enzymatic Functions
- RNA polymerase catalyzes the linkage of ribonucleotides during transcription.
- The error rate of RNA polymerase during transcription is relatively low, with approximately 1 error per 10,000 nucleotides.
- The enzyme helicase unwinds a 12-15 bp segment of DNA during transcription initiation.
RNA Types and Functions
- Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) has functions such as regulating gene expression, RNA processing, and other cellular processes.
- Ribozymes are catalytic RNAs that can act as enzymes and can catalyze specific biochemical reactions.
Bacterial vs Eukaryotic Transcription
- Transcription in bacteria occurs in the cytoplasm and does not involve extensive RNA processing.
- Eukaryotic transcription requires general transcription factors for promoter recognition and RNA polymerase II.
- The sigma (σ) factor is crucial for initiating transcription in bacteria by binding to the promoter region.
RNA Modification and Processing
- The first modification of bacterial RNA during processing is the addition of a 5' cap.
- RNA splicing removes introns and joins exons to create a mature mRNA molecule.
- Mutations at splice sites can lead to diseases by affecting gene expression.
Transcription Initiation and Elongation
- Activators enhance transcription initiation by helping RNA polymerase bind to DNA.
- Eukaryotic transcription elongation requires additional proteins, including elongation factors.
Consensus Sequences
- The consensus sequence commonly found approximately 25 bp upstream of the initiation site in eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters is the TATA box.
Additional RNA Insights
- mRNA is the product of transcription that carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for translation.
- Alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce multiple protein variants by rearranging exons.
Genetic Information and Errors
- The flow of genetic information is directed by the central dogma, ensuring proper protein synthesis from the genetic template.
- RNA polymerase has a higher fidelity than DNA polymerase, but errors can still occur in RNA synthesis.
Other Notable Points
- DNA gyrase is essential in bacteria for relieving supercoiling ahead of the replication fork.
- General/basal transcription factors in eukaryotes facilitate the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter region.
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