Molecular Biology RNA Transcription Quiz

A protein complex responsible for synthesizing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, excluding the 5S rRNA gene.

A protein complex that transcribes messenger RNA (mRNA), long non-coding RNA, microRNA, and some small nuclear RNA (snRNA).

A protein complex that transcribes small RNA genes, including transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (5S rRNA).

A DNA sequence recognized by the TATA Binding Protein (TBP), marking the start of transcription.

A protein that binds to the TATA box and distorts the DNA structure, facilitating the recruitment of other transcription factors.

A complex formed by RNA Polymerase II and six general transcription factors (GTFs), initiating transcription.

A general transcription factor that unwinds DNA and phosphorylates the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA Polymerase II, starting transcription.

A process that adds a 5' cap to messenger RNA (mRNA), protecting it from degradation and facilitating translation initiation.

The process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix, separating the strands, and using each strand as a template to synthesize a new complementary strand. This ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genome.

Specific DNA sequences where DNA replication begins in eukaryotes. They act as starting points for the replication machinery to access the DNA and initiate the process. Multiple origins allow for efficient replication of large eukaryotic genomes.

The phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication takes place. It is a crucial step before the cell can divide, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information.

Specialized structures at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from degradation and fusion. They consist of repetitive DNA sequences and are like caps that prevent the DNA from unraveling or being damaged.

An enzyme that adds repetitive DNA sequences to the ends of telomeres, extending their length. It helps maintain chromosome stability and prevents their shortening during DNA replication. Telomerase activity is crucial for cell division.

A loop structure formed by the 3' overhang of a telomere, further stabilizing the chromosome ends. It contributes to the protection of chromosome ends and prevents them from being recognized as damaged DNA.

Proteins that bind to telomeres and contribute to their stability and protection. They prevent the ends of chromosomes from being recognized as double-strand breaks and initiating DNA repair mechanisms, which could lead to chromosome fusion or degradation.

The process by which telomerase extends telomeres. It involves the enzyme using its RNA template to add repetitive DNA sequences to the 3' end of the telomere, compensating for the loss of DNA during replication and maintaining chromosome integrity.

RNA is synthesized in the nucleus and then transported to the cytoplasm for translation.

RNA processing in eukaryotes includes 5' capping, splicing, and 3' polyadenylation. These modifications ensure stability and efficient translation of the RNA molecule.

The process where RNA polymerase binds to DNA and initiates the synthesis of RNA.

The process where RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template, adding nucleotides to the growing RNA chain.

A pause in transcription elongation, often caused by regulatory factors. It allows the cell to quickly respond to environmental changes.

The process where the newly synthesized RNA undergoes modifications, including adding a 5' cap, splicing out introns, and adding a 3' poly-A tail.

The process where transcription ends, releasing the RNA molecule from the DNA template.

Non-coding regions within a gene that are removed during RNA processing.

Coding regions within a gene that are joined together to form the mature mRNA.

A complex molecular machine that removes introns and joins exons together during RNA splicing.

The third nucleotide of the anticodon can pair with multiple bases in the codon, allowing for less stringent pairing at the wobble position.

The wobble position is the third base of the anticodon, and it can pair with multiple bases in the codon.

Inosine (I) can pair with A, C, or U in the codon.

The small subunit of the ribosome (30S in prokaryotes, 40S in eukaryotes) contains rRNA and proteins, and is responsible for binding mRNA and initiating translation.

The large subunit of the ribosome (50S in prokaryotes, 60S in eukaryotes) contains rRNA and proteins, and is responsible for peptide bond formation.

The A site on the ribosome binds incoming aminoacyl-tRNA, which carries the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain.

The P site on the ribosome holds the growing polypeptide chain, which is attached to tRNA.

The E site on the ribosome holds tRNA that is ready to exit the ribosome after its amino acid has been added to the polypeptide chain.

A specific type of intron that can catalyze its own removal from a pre-mRNA molecule. This process, known as self-splicing, involves a series of chemical reactions that do not require the assistance of additional enzymes.

A process that produces multiple protein isoforms from a single gene by selectively including or excluding certain exons during mRNA splicing.

A cofactor that plays a crucial role in the self-splicing of introns by providing a reactive hydroxyl group for the transesterification reactions.

An enzyme that removes the poly-A tail from mRNA molecules, contributing to the degradation of these transcripts.

An enzyme that removes the 5' cap from mRNA molecules, shortening the transcript and initiating its degradation.

A type of small non-coding RNA that plays a regulatory role in gene expression by inhibiting translation or triggering mRNA degradation.

A type of small non-coding RNA that triggers the degradation of specific mRNA molecules, effectively silencing gene expression.

A multi-protein complex that plays a crucial role in both miRNA-mediated translation inhibition and siRNA-mediated mRNA degradation.

A process used to create complementary DNA (cDNA) copies from messenger RNA (mRNA). This allows for the expression of eukaryotic genes in bacterial cells.

A technique used to insert DNA fragments into plasmids or other vectors. It involves cutting both the DNA fragment and the vector with a restriction enzyme, creating compatible sticky ends that can then be joined by DNA ligase.

A fast and efficient cloning method that allows for the joining of multiple DNA fragments without using restriction enzymes. It relies on overlapping sequences between fragments, which are then joined by a combination of exonucleases, polymerases, and ligases.

A type of DNA sequencing technique, developed by Fred Sanger, that uses dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA synthesis at specific bases. It is the foundation of many sequencing technologies used to determine the order of nucleotides in DNA.

The ability of bacteriophages to integrate their DNA into the host bacterial genome, allowing for genetic material to be delivered to bacterial cells efficiently.

A cloning vector that allows cloning of large DNA fragments, typically ranging from 30 to 400 kb.

A type of molecular biology technique used to detect a specific DNA sequence in a complex mixture. It involves separating DNA fragments by size on a gel, transferring them to a membrane, and then probing with a labeled DNA probe complementary to the target sequence.

A technique used to verify the presence of a gene insert in a plasmid. This involves digesting the plasmid with a restriction enzyme, separating the DNA fragments by size on an agarose gel, and then visualizing the fragments.