Molecular Biology: RNA Transcription

Transcription

RNA Transcription

• Process by which DNA sequence is copied into RNA molecule
• Occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination
• Involved in gene expression, allowing cells to synthesize proteins

DNA Transcription

• Not a direct process; DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein
• DNA serves as a template for RNA synthesis

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

• Type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosome
• Acts as a template for protein synthesis
• Three main regions: untranslated regions (UTRs), coding region, and poly-A tail

Gene Expression

• Process by which information from a gene is converted into a functional product (protein)
• Involves transcription and translation of genetic code
• Regulated by transcription factors, which bind to specific DNA sequences

Transcription Factors

• Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences to regulate gene expression
• Can activate or repress transcription by interacting with RNA polymerase
• Play crucial role in development, cell growth, and response to environmental stimuli

Genetic Code

• Set of rules that dictates how nucleotide sequences are translated into amino acid sequences
• Consists of 64 possible codons, each specifying one of 20 amino acids or a stop signal
• Universal among all living organisms

Mutations

• Changes in DNA sequence that can affect gene expression and protein function
• Can be point mutations (single nucleotide change) or frameshift mutations (insertion or deletion of nucleotides)
• Can result in changes to protein function, leading to disease or disorder

tRNA Adapter Molecule

• Type of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosome during protein synthesis
• Has a specific sequence that binds to mRNA codon and a binding site for amino acid
• Ensures correct amino acid is incorporated into protein sequence

RNA Transcription

• RNA transcription is a three-stage process: initiation, elongation, and termination, which copies a DNA sequence into an RNA molecule.
• This process is crucial for gene expression, enabling cells to synthesize proteins.

DNA Role in Transcription

• DNA serves as a template for RNA synthesis, but it is not directly translated into protein.
• Instead, DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

• mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome and acts as a template for protein synthesis.
• mRNA consists of three main regions: untranslated regions (UTRs), coding region, and poly-A tail.

Gene Expression

• Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is converted into a functional product (protein).
• It involves the transcription and translation of the genetic code.
• Gene expression is regulated by transcription factors, which bind to specific DNA sequences.

Transcription Factors

• Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences to regulate gene expression.
• They can activate or repress transcription by interacting with RNA polymerase.
• Transcription factors play a crucial role in development, cell growth, and response to environmental stimuli.

Genetic Code

• The genetic code is a set of rules that dictates how nucleotide sequences are translated into amino acid sequences.
• The code consists of 64 possible codons, each specifying one of 20 amino acids or a stop signal.
• The genetic code is universal among all living organisms.

Mutations

• Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can affect gene expression and protein function.
• Types of mutations include point mutations (single nucleotide change) and frameshift mutations (insertion or deletion of nucleotides).
• Mutations can result in changes to protein function, leading to disease or disorder.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

• tRNA is a type of RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
• tRNA has a specific sequence that binds to the mRNA codon and a binding site for an amino acid.
• tRNA ensures the correct amino acid is incorporated into the protein sequence.