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Questions and Answers
What does the term 'prokaryotic' refer to?
Which domains contain organisms with prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following is capable of photosynthesis despite being prokaryotic?
What is a key characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
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Which of the following organisms includes eukaryotic cells?
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What is the focus of cytology?
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To prepare a wet mount slide, what is the first step you should take?
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What should you check for when handling coverslips?
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What is the first step when observing Gleocapsa cells under a microscope?
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When switching from the 4X to the 10X objective, what should be done to remain focused?
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What is the approximate size range of a single Gleocapsa cell?
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What structure in eukaryotic cells contains the genetic material?
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Which of the following correctly describes chloroplasts?
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What is the main function of mitochondria in cells?
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How do cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis without chloroplasts?
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What technique is used to estimate the size of a Gleocapsa cell?
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What is the purpose of using a coverslip in wet mount techniques?
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What characteristic helps identify the nucleus in cheek cells under a microscope?
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What is the estimated size range of one epithelial cheek cell?
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How do epithelial cells differ from Elodea and onion cells?
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What is the method through which Amoeba moves?
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Which organelle in Amoeba is responsible for expelling water and waste products?
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In what way do pseudopodia function in Amoeba?
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What can be seen under the compound light microscope when preparing cheek cells?
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What is the approximate size range of an Amoeba cell?
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Which structure do Paramecia use for movement?
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What is the primary role of fungi in the ecosystem?
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What is a mass of hyphae called in fungi?
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Why are fungi considered absorptive heterotrophs?
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How does the movement of Paramecium generally compare to that of Amoeba?
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What structures make up the basic structure of most fungal cells?
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How do fungi obtain nutrients from their environment?
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What type of reproduction do yeast cells primarily use?
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Which structure is NOT present in fungal cells such as yeast?
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What is the role of Penicillium in scientific advancement?
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What is a distinguishing feature of the structures observed in Penicillium compared to yeast cells?
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In the comparison of eukaryotic cells, which structure is found in fungi but not in animal cells?
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Which method would you NOT use to prepare a slide of yeast for observation?
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What type of cellular organelle is typically observed in both yeast and Penicillium cells?
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Which of the following correctly describes the characteristics of fungus?
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Study Notes
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus; eukaryotic cells possess a true nucleus.
- Archaeans and bacteria are prokaryotic.
- Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) photosynthesize despite lacking a nucleus and chloroplasts.
- Prokaryotic cells are considered similar to Earth's first cells (3.5 billion years ago).
- Eukaryotic organisms (protists, fungi, plants, animals) have a nucleus and other organelles.
- Eukaryotic cells likely evolved from prokaryotic ancestors.
Cytology and Microscopy
- Cytology studies cellular structure and function.
- Light microscopy, electron microscopy, and cell chemistry are key cytology tools.
- Cellular anatomy provides clues to cellular function.
Gleocapsa Observation
- Gleocapsa cells are green, rounded, and clump together.
- Size: approximately 5-50 micrometers.
- Photosynthesis occurs without chloroplasts (details in introduction).
Preparing Wet Mounts
- Use a clean slide and coverslip.
- Add a droplet of sample to the slide.
- Carefully apply the coverslip at an angle to avoid air bubbles.
- Start focusing with the 4X objective and increase magnification.
- Adjust the iris diaphragm for optimal light.
Eukaryotic Cell Structures
- Nucleus: contains genetic material and controls metabolism in eukaryotic cells.
- Cytoplasm: the cell's matrix, enclosed by the plasma membrane.
- Chloroplasts (plant cells): sites of photosynthesis; contain chlorophyll.
- Mitochondria (plant and animal cells): sites of aerobic respiration.
Cheek Cell Observation
- Cheek cells lack cell walls.
- Round shape, rounded edges, varying shapes.
- The nucleus is round and dark-staining.
- Plasma membrane discernible as cell boundary.
- Size: approximately 50-250 micrometers.
Amoeba Observation
- Amoeba are irregularly shaped protists.
- Move via amoeboid movement (pseudopodia).
- Pseudopodia also used for engulfing food (creating food vacuoles).
- Contractile vacuole accumulates and expels water and wastes.
- Size: approximately 50-250 micrometers
- Lacks a cell wall
Paramecium Observation
- Paramecium are single-celled protists.
- Cilia are short, hair-like structures for locomotion.
- Movement is faster than Amoeba’s
Fungi Observation
- Fungi are filamentous, secrete enzymes, and absorb nutrients (absorptive heterotrophs).
- Hyphae: slender filaments of cytoplasm and nuclei enclosed in a cell wall.
- Mycelium: a mass of hyphae.
- Penicillium is a mold used in antibiotic development.
- Yeast is a single-celled fungus that reproduces by budding.
Cell Structure Comparison
- Table comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting the presence or absence of various structures in bacteria, animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Structures include: Cell Wall, Plasma Membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosomes, Golgi Bodies, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, DNA.
Cell Identification
- Four cell types (X, Y, Z, W) analyzed; a table summarizes their structures. The goal is to identify the cell types based on their structures.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their structural differences and evolutionary background. It also explores the field of cytology, microscopy techniques, and specific observations of Gleocapsa cells. Test your knowledge on these essential biological concepts!
