Programmed Instruction

• The text concerns programmed instruction within programmed learning.

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Objectives
• Definition of the book
• Definition of programmed instruction
• Principles of programmed instruction
• Types of programmed instruction
• Advantages of programmed instruction
• Disadvantages of programmed instruction

Objectives

• Capability to define the term "programmed instruction"
• Ability to list the principles on which programmed instruction is based
• Distinguish between the types of programmed instruction
• Recall the advantages and disadvantages of programmed instruction

Introduction

• The world is experiencing rapid development in all fields of science, especially in educational technology
• Developments in educational technology have contributed to the decline of traditional teaching methods
• Traditional methods are being replaced by approaches that focus on individual differences, abilities, needs, and diverse motivations of learners
• The adoption of individualized education and its strategies is a prominent educational innovation
• Individualized education focuses on providing each student with education tailored to their capabilities, potential, inclinations, and needs
• This is achieved through the use of various strategies that have proven effective and successful in this field
• Book covers programmed instruction,strategy presented in a simplified manner to highlight its benefits and general features

Definition of the Book

• This book is different; it is a programmed book or an "integrated book".
• The book presents a limited amount of information, typically less than a page, and requires the reader to respond in a way that indicates understanding
• The response directs the reader to the next appropriate page in the program, which may either correct misunderstandings or present new information
• Although pages are numbered sequentially, the content is deliberately mixed to prevent predicting the location of the correct answer.
• Reading the pages in sequential order is not possible

Definition of Instruction

• Gagne defines programmed learning as "creating teaching models that take into account the learner’s initial and final responses, progress according to a detailed plan, and allow for evaluating the applied strategies during the process."
• Wilbur Schramm defines programmed learning as "a kind of individualized learning that enables the individual to teach themselves through a program prepared for this objective, utilizing a correct or incorrect method".

Principles of Instruction

• The principles on which programmed instruction is based are presented as follows:
• Dividing each task or profession into small steps
• The learner’s response and engagement, and the learning environment surrounding them
• Immediate knowledge of the outcome of the response
• Proceeding in the lesson, relative to the learner’s ability
• Reliance on self-evaluation for the learner

Types of Instruction

• There are various types of programs, such as linear, branching, interactive, and educational gaming programs
• The linear program and the branching program

Linear Program

• It focuses on analyzing the subject matter into components called frames in sequence in straight line
• Presents questions and allows the learner to contemplate and responds before continuing to the next frame

Branching Program

• Frames are linked to subordinate frames that include more that one concept
• The question format is multiple choice
• If the correct answer is given by the learner, the proceeding frame in the main sequence is taken
• If the response is wrong, the frame which elucidates the error taken taken from the subordinate frames before trying it a second time

Educational Games

• These are programs based on combining learning and play through a relaxed model emphasizing competition
• Students compete to reach the education process goals, necessitating the solving of mathematical or logical problems

Simulation Programs

• These programs allow users to virtually test things that are challenging in real life
• For example, a flight simulator is utilized in training pilots via the steps of taking off and landing

Advantages of Programmed Learning

• Programmed learning has several advantages:
• Meets the needs of the students
• It considers that fact that learners have individual difference, and proceeds at their speed
• Programmed Instruction is compatible with many theories of learning and models
• The learner continues to be involved in and energized by the work
• The learner is capable of taking responsibility for making decision that engage with their manner of learning
• It is unrestricted to specific locations as traditional learning models are
• It assists in engaging with an ever increasing number of students

Disadvantages of Programmed Learning

• Programmed materials place considerable reliance on the student's reading ability

• Linear programs may consist of hundreds of fragments which may be monotonous

• Lacks interaction between leaners

• Program questions focus mainly on information

• Program preparation is high efforts, is timely, and comes at great cost

• Inappropriate research methods of study are used

• Incapable of problem solving