Procedural vs Object-Oriented Programming

A programming paradigm that structures a program as a sequence of instructions or procedures. It emphasizes the breakdown of a program into smaller, self-contained modules called functions or subroutines.

A programming paradigm that uses objects to represent entities in a program. It focuses on data and the operations (methods) that can be performed on that data.

A set of rules that specify the syntax and semantics of a programming language, defining how code should be written.

A function is a self-contained block of code that performs a specific task. It takes input values (arguments) and may return a result.

A feature of procedural programming where data can be accessed and modified by any function in the program.

A program design approach that starts with the overall goal and breaks it down into smaller, more manageable tasks or sub-problems.

A programming language that uses an object-oriented paradigm, focusing on data and objects.

A programming language that focuses on procedures and functions, often used for scientific and system programming.

In object-oriented programming, when a class inherits properties and methods from its parent class. Descendants inherit the characteristics of their ancestors.

In procedural programming, a sequence of instructions that performs a specific task. It's like a recipe for the computer to follow.

A programming design method that breaks down a problem into smaller, manageable sub-problems, then systematically solves each one. This promotes organization and efficient problem-solving.

A programming paradigm that uses abstraction (classes and objects) to model real-world environments.

Data can be accessed only through its instances, enhancing data security.

A blueprint or template that defines the structure and behavior of objects. It describes the data (attributes) and actions (methods) an object can have.

A specific instance of a class, possessing unique data and capable of performing actions defined by its class.

Allows unrestricted access to global data within functions, potentially leading to data inconsistency.

Procedural programming struggles to model complex real-world entities as it separates data and functionality.

C++ programs use streams to transfer data as sequences of bytes. These streams can act as both the source and destination of data, allowing information to flow in and out of the program.

A text stream represents data as a sequence of characters, organized into lines separated by newline characters. It's like reading a book, with each line ending on a new page.

A binary stream stores data in its raw binary format. It's like storing data in memory, without any human-readable interpretation.

In C++, you can chain input or output operations together. The result of one operation is passed as input to the next one, allowing for efficient data manipulation.

You can read single characters from an input stream using cin.get(). To read a string, use cin>> to read words separated by spaces, or cin.getline() for entire lines, including spaces.

The cin object is used to read input from the standard input stream (typically the keyboard). It's like the program's ear, listening for user input.

The cout object is used to write output to the standard output stream (typically the monitor). It's like the program's mouth, speaking the results.

C++ programs use the standard library iomanip to format input and output streams. It allows you to control how data appears when displayed or read.