Problem-Solving and Creativity Strategies
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following accurately describes the components of problem-solving?

  • Initial state, goal state, operators, and path constraints (correct)
  • Initial state, solution state, operators, and barriers
  • Initial state, goal state, and emotional state
  • Present state, solutions, operators, and outcomes

The initial state is the desired state you are working toward in problem-solving.

False (B)

What is the process of overcoming obstacles to reach a goal state called?

Problem solving

The final stage in the Four Stages of Creativity is _____

<p>verification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to problem-solving with their correct definitions:

<p>Initial state = The starting knowledge and resources Goal state = The desired outcome you are working toward Operators = The available tools or actions Path constraints = Limits to the operations available</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of thinking is characterized by moving one's thoughts in novel, unanticipated directions?

<p>Divergent thinking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Convergent thinking is more associated with finding connections between seemingly distinct ideas.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What task is used to measure divergent thinking by generating alternative uses for common objects?

<p>Alternative Use Task (AUT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ Associates Test measures convergent thinking.

<p>Remote</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following problems to their respective creativity measurement:

<p>Remote Associates Test = Convergent thinking Two-string problem = Overcoming functional fixedness Alternative Use Task = Generating new uses for objects Divergent thinking = Exploring many solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of creativity involves transformative learning and personally meaningful interpretations?

<p>mini-c (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Big-C creativity is always recognized at an individual level.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four stages of creativity according to Wallas?

<p>Preparation, Incubation, Illumination, Verification</p> Signup and view all the answers

The second stage of creativity, where one sets the problem aside, is called __________.

<p>Incubation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of creativity with its description:

<p>mini-c = Transformative learning little-c = Everyday problem-solving Pro-c = Vocational creativity Big-C = Eminent creativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential prerequisite for exceptional Big-C creativity?

<p>Intellectual capacities and personality traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Illumination guarantees a correct solution to the problem.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'warmth' refer to in the context of illumination?

<p>The perceived closeness to an answer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the term 'problem space'?

<p>All possible solution paths (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heuristics involve considering the entire problem space.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of analogical transfer in problem-solving?

<p>To apply past problem-solving methods to new problems with similar structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Functional fixedness limits our _____ and increases constraints.

<p>Operators</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following problem-solving concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Functional Fixedness = Rigidity in thinking about an object's function Einstellung = Predisposition to solve a problem in a specific way Heuristics = Partial exploration of the problem space Algorithms = Complete exploration of the problem space</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding creativity in problem-solving?

<p>Creativity can enhance problem-solving abilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do experts require fewer hints to solve problems compared to novices?

<p>Experts have more experience and can better identify the underlying logic of a problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Einstellung helps to increase the number of options available for solving a problem.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of algorithms in problem-solving?

<p>They follow a systematic step-by-step procedure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hill-climbing strategy is the most flexible approach to reaching a goal.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the means-end heuristic entail?

<p>Breaking the problem into sub-problems, each with its own sub-goal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If there are more ______ than hobbits on one side of the river, the orcs will eat the hobbits.

<p>orcs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following problem-solving strategies with their descriptions:

<p>Heuristics = Strategies that offer short-cuts and are typically less systematic. Algorithms = A guaranteed step-by-step method for solving problems. Hill-climbing = A direct approach that seeks to improve current state. Means-end analysis = Breaking problems into smaller sub-goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which problem illustrates the use of hill climbing and means-end heuristics?

<p>Hobbits and Orcs problem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heuristics are always guaranteed to produce a solution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial state in the Hobbits and Orcs problem?

<p>People and a river.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Initial State

A state describing the current situation, including available knowledge and resources.

Goal State

The desired outcome to be achieved through problem solving.

Operators

Things you can use and actions you can take to solve a problem.

Path Constraints

Constraints on how you can use operators to navigate the problem space.

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Problem

A gap or barrier between the current state and the desired outcome.

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Convergent Thinking

The process of finding connections between seemingly unrelated ideas.

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Divergent Thinking

The ability to move one's thoughts in new and unexpected directions.

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Remote Associates Test (RAT)

A test that measures creativity by requiring people to find connections between seemingly unrelated words.

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The Two-String Problem

A test that measures creativity by requiring people to overcome the fixed function of an object.

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Alternative Use Task (AUT)

A test that measures creativity by requiring people to come up with new uses for familiar objects.

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Problem space

The space containing all possible paths to a solution. Think of it as the big picture of all possible ways to solve a problem.

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Computational Complexity

The complexity of a problem based on the size and nature of the problem space. Think of it as how vast and intricate the maze is.

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Algorithm

A specific method for solving a problem, typically with a guaranteed solution but may take longer. Think of it as following a detailed plan.

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Heuristic

A mental shortcut or rule of thumb used to quickly narrow down possibilities. Think of it as taking a shortcut through the maze.

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Analogical transfer

The transfer of knowledge from past problem-solving experiences to new problems that share similar underlying structure. Think of using a solution from one maze to solve another similar one.

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Functional fixedness

The inability to see alternative uses for an object beyond its typical function. Think of seeing a hammer as a tool for only hammering nails.

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Einstellung/Problem-solving set

A predisposition to approach a problem in a specific way, often leading to resistance toward new approaches. Think of sticking to a familiar path in the maze even if there might be better ones.

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Relational mindset

A way of thinking that emphasizes the underlying logic and relationships of a problem, rather than focusing on superficial features. Think of seeing the maze's puzzle-solving logic instead of just its shape.

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Problem-solving Strategies

Problem-solving strategies involve techniques to find solutions. Heuristics are mental shortcuts, algorithms are step-by-step procedures, and analogies use comparisons to solve problems.

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Algorithms: Guaranteed Solution

Algorithms are systematic step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution to a problem. They're less efficient than heuristics but always lead to an answer. Think solving anagrams by trying all letter combinations.

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Heuristics: Hill-climbing

Heuristics are mental shortcuts that often lead to solutions, but can be a bit less reliable than algorithms. They aim for a path with the least resistance, like taking the most direct path to a goal.

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Heuristics: Means-end Analysis

Means-end analysis breaks down big problems into smaller, manageable sub-problems with sub-goals. Each sub-goal gets you closer to the final solution.

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Analogies: Making Connections

Analogies use comparisons to solve problems by drawing parallels between similar situations. It helps transfer knowledge from a familiar situation to a new one.

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Hobbits and Orcs: Problem-solving in Action

The Hobbit and Orc problem is a classic example using heuristics. It requires flexibility and breaking down the problem into smaller steps (means-end analysis) to achieve the goal.

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Solution Path Evaluation

Choosing the best approach to solve a problem involves evaluating the potential solutions based on their alignment with goals and practical feasibility. Consider resources and limitations.

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Evaluating Solution Success

The effectiveness of a solution is determined by its alignment with your goals and its practicality given available resources. This is a crucial step in problem-solving.

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Interpretive creativity (mini-c)

The ability to interpret and give personal meaning to experiences, actions, and insights. It's about applying your own understanding and perspective to things.

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Everyday creativity (little-c)

Creativity used in everyday problem-solving and creative expression. It often involves skills and knowledge specific to a particular area or situation.

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Professional creativity (pro-c)

The level of creativity displayed by professionals in their chosen fields. It's driven by expertise and the need to innovate within a professional context.

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Eminent creativity (Big-C)

Highly significant and impactful creativity that makes a lasting contribution to a field or society. This is the type of creativity that tends to be recognized by the world at large.

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Preparation

The first stage of the creative process where you identify and clearly define the problem or challenge you want to solve.

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Incubation

The stage where you consciously set the problem aside and let your mind work on it unconsciously. Ideas and insights may emerge during this phase.

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Illumination

The 'aha!' moment where a new insight or idea suddenly emerges. It can feel like a sudden flash of understanding.

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Verification

The final stage where you apply the new insights, test their effectiveness, and refine the solution. You're making sure the idea works in practice.

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Study Notes

Problem-Solving & Creativity

  • Problem-solving involves a gap between the initial and desired states.
  • Problem-solving is the process of overcoming hurdles to reach the goal state.
  • Components of problem-solving include the initial state (knowledge and resources), goal state (desired state), operators (available tools or actions), and path constraints (limits to operations).
  • Strategies for solving problems include heuristics, algorithms, and analogies.

Defining the Problem

  • Questioning the problem from various angles.
  • Visualizing the problem using diagrams and or pictures.
  • Identifying the components of a problem and defining them in operational terms.
  • Separating opinion from concrete evidence.
  • Understanding relationships between variables within the initial, operational, and goal states.
  • Breaking the problem down into smaller parts.

Problem-solving Strategies

  • Heuristics: Strategies for solution paths.
  • Hill-climbing strategy: The most direct path to a goal.
  • Means-end heuristic: Breaking a problem into subproblems, each with its own sub-goal
  • Each sub-goal is a step towards achieving the ultimate goal.
  • Algorithms: Systematic, step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution but may be computationally intensive.
    • Example: Solving anagrams
    • Computation complexity increases alongside the problem space.
  • Analogies: Relying on previously experienced problem-solving methods for use in solving problems that have similar structures.
    • Finding the underlying logic to solve problems.
    • Important to look beyond superficial elements and look at the underlying logic of a problem.
    • Expertise in a field helps to identify underlying logic more easily.

Judging / Evaluating Options

  • Select the solution path.
  • Evaluate solutions for predicted success.
  • Ensure alignment with goals.
  • Ensure practicality and feasibility regarding resources.

Creativity

  • Creativity is essential for problem-solving, and vice versa.
  • Creativity involves the production of new and original work.
    • Four-C creativity model to categorise types of creativity; mini-c, pro-c, little-c, and big-c.
  • Key aspects that determine the type of creativity include; context for new ideas, impact on individuals, socio-cultural significance, impact on the world.
  • Potential prerequisites for exceptional creativity can be: knowledge and skill in the domain; intellectual capacities and personality traits; conducive social, cultural, historical contexts.
    • Practicing and applying the skills and understanding of problem-solving, practice, experience, learning, knowledge can increase creativity.

Stages of Creativity

  • Preparation: Identifying and defining problems.
  • Incubation: Setting the problem aside for unconscious processing.
  • Illumination: Emerging insight/new ideas.
  • Verification/Elaboration: Solving the problem using insights.

Testing Creativity

  • Convergent thinking: Finding connections between seemingly distinct ideas.
  • Divergent thinking: Moving thoughts in novel and unexpected directions.
  • Tools to gauge creativity include; the Remote Associates Test (RAT); two-string problem; and the Alternative Use Task (AUT).

Obstacles to Problem-Solving

  • Functional fixedness: Being rigid in thinking about how objects can be used.
  • Einstellung: A predisposition to solve a problem a certain way, similar to functional fixedness but applies to approaching problems.

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Problem-Solving & Creativity PDF

Description

Explore the essential concepts of problem-solving and creativity, including defining problems, identifying components, and applying various strategies such as heuristics and algorithms. This quiz will help you understand how to approach and resolve challenges effectively in various contexts.

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