Problem Solving Strategies
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of heuristics in problem-solving?

  • They require extensive resources to implement.
  • They are always systematic and thorough.
  • They guarantee a correct solution.
  • They simplify the process based on prior experience. (correct)

    • What does the 'language acquisition device' (LAD) encode in a child's brain?

  • Basic arithmetic principles and problem-solving
  • Language fluency and writing skills
  • Artistic and musical abilities
  • Major principles of a language and grammatical structures (correct)

    • Which step in the creative problem-solving stages involves putting the problem aside momentarily?

  • Illumination
  • Verification
  • Incubation (correct)
  • Preparation

    • At what age do children typically begin to speak one-word utterances?

    <p>12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of problem-solving, what does the reduction strategy entail?

    <p>Breaking the problem into manageable parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of memory is primarily focused on immediate sensory information?

    <p>Sensory memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the verification stage in creative problem-solving involve?

    <p>Testing the proposed solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory retrieval involves reproducing previously presented material?

    <p>Recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key barrier to effective problem-solving that involves sticking to past strategies?

    <p>Mental sets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically expand their vocabulary to around 25 words?

    <p>1-2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which problem-solving strategy utilizes a systematic step-by-step method?

    <p>Algorithms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves modifying information to fit the preferred format for memory?

    <p>Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does creative thinking primarily allow individuals to do?

    <p>Produce valued outcomes in original ways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the illumination stage of the problem-solving process?

    <p>A sudden insight into the solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of memory allows information to be retained over long periods?

    <p>Long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of encoding is primarily related to the meaning of words?

    <p>Semantic encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the inability to recognize images despite having intact vision?

    <p>Agnosia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon refers to the misinterpretation of existing stimuli?

    <p>Illusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the perception of objects that appear smaller than they are?

    <p>Micropsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the phenomenon where one person's thoughts are transferred to another without sensory communication?

    <p>Telepathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the perception of future events without any known inferential process?

    <p>Precognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the process when a conditioned response fades as the conditioned stimulus is no longer presented?

    <p>Extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments?

    <p>Bell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurs when a previously conditioned response re-emerges after a period of extinction?

    <p>Spontaneous recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of classical conditioning, what does stimulus generalization refer to?

    <p>Responding to similar stimuli as if they were the conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response is a conditioned reflex (CR)?

    <p>A learned response triggered by a conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Pavlov's experiments?

    <p>The environmental stimulus that elicits a natural reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist is associated with trial and error theory in the context of S-R theory with reinforcement?

    <p>Edward Thorndike</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, what is stimulus discrimination?

    <p>The process of learning to differentiate between similar stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is functional fixedness?

    <p>Viewing an object as only having its usual functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of language deals with the rules of pronunciation?

    <p>Phonology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main argument presented by Chomsky regarding language acquisition?

    <p>All children are born with an inherent ability for language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes semantics in the context of language?

    <p>The ways in which a language conveys meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does confirmation bias involve?

    <p>Favoring information that confirms existing beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pragmatics influence communication?

    <p>By determining the social context of language use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Skinner, what principle explains language development?

    <p>A model of operant learning based on reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the critical period hypothesis in language development?

    <p>Children not exposed to language by age 7 can lose the ability to master it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Strategies for Problem Solving

    • Trial and Error: Attempts multiple solutions until one proves successful.
    • Algorithms: Systematic methods that explore every possible solution step-by-step.
    • Heuristics: Simple strategies for generating and testing hypotheses based on prior experiences, saving time but increasing the risk of errors.
    • Reduction Strategy: Breaks complex problems into smaller parts, solving each to address the overall issue.
    • Finding Analogue: Uses similarities between different situations to draw connections and solutions.
    • Creative Thinking: Involves producing novel and valuable outcomes by following structured stages.

    Creative Problem-Solving Stages

    • Preparation: Identifying the problem and considering relevant past experiences.
    • Incubation: Temporarily setting aside the problem to allow unconscious processing.
    • Illumination: Sudden insight or realization of potential solutions.
    • Verification: Testing the proposed solutions to ensure their efficacy.

    Key Barriers to Problem Solving

    • Mental Sets: Over-reliance on previously successful strategies, even if they no longer apply.
    • Functional Fixedness: Viewing objects strictly in their traditional roles, limiting creative uses.
    • Confirmation Bias: Favoring information that supports existing beliefs while disregarding contradictory evidence.

    Language

    • Definition: A system for combining symbols (words) to express thoughts and feelings among individuals.
    • Components:
      • Phonology: Rules and patterns of speech sounds.
      • Morphology: Study of the smallest meaningful units of speech (morphemes).
      • Syntax: Rules governing the arrangement of words into sentences.
      • Semantics: Interpretation and meaning conveyed by language.
      • Pragmatics: Use of language within context and intention.

    Explaining Language Development

    • Critical Period: Childhood is crucial for mastering language; lack of exposure by age 7 affects ability to learn any language.
    • Operant Learning (Skinner): Language development arises from association, imitation, and reinforcement.
    • Inborn Universal Grammar (Chomsky): Rapid language acquisition indicates inherent ability; children possess a language acquisition device (LAD) to grasp grammatical structures.

    Developmental Milestones of Language

    • First Year: Babbling begins at 3-4 months; single words emerge by 12 months.
    • 1-2 Years: Vocabulary expands to about 25 words.
    • 3 Years: Simple two-word combinations start while vocabulary increases.
    • 4 Years and Onward: Use of grammatical rules becomes apparent.

    Memory & Intelligence

    • Definition: Memory involves acquiring, encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
    • Encoding Types:
      • Semantic: Understanding meanings.
      • Acoustic: Processing sounds.
      • Visual: Interpreting images.
    • Storage: Retention of information affects retrieval; involves sensory, short-term, and long-term memory stages.

    Retrieval Mechanisms

    • Recall: Reproducing previously learned material.
    • Recognition: Identifying learned information from options provided.

    S-R Theory

    • Without Reinforcement (Pavlov): Classical conditioning demonstrates how reflexive responses can be conditioned to stimuli.
    • With Reinforcement (Thorndike, Skinner): Trial and error learning and operant conditioning emphasize the role of reinforcement in behavior modification.

    Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

    • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Produces an automatic response (e.g., food causing salivation).
    • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to evoke a response through association (e.g., a bell).
    • Conditioned Reflex (CR): Learned response to the conditioned stimulus.

    Classical Conditioning Phenomena

    • Extinction: Gradual disappearance of conditioned responses when the CS is no longer paired with the UCS.
    • Spontaneous Recovery: The unexpected return of a previously extinguished response.
    • Stimulus Generalization: Responses triggered by similar stimuli (e.g., fearing all fuzzy animals).
    • Stimulus Discrimination: Ability to differentiate between different stimuli based on learned experiences.

    Perception Interpretation

    • Mechanism: Matching new stimuli with stored memory models to derive meaning.
    • Disorders of Perception:
      • Visual Agnosia: Inability to recognize visual stimuli despite intact vision.
      • Perceptual Distortion: Alters perceptions of size or sound intensity.
      • Perceptual Deception: Includes misinterpretation (illusions) and false perceptions (hallucinations).

    Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

    • Telepathy: Direct thought transference between individuals.
    • Clairvoyance: Awareness of concealed objects.
    • Precognition: Anticipating future events without prior knowledge.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of various problem-solving strategies, including trial and error, algorithms, and heuristics. This quiz will challenge your cognitive processes and help you distinguish between different methods of approaching problems.

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