Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a reason people might delay or refuse vaccination due to personal beliefs?
Which of the following is NOT a reason people might delay or refuse vaccination due to personal beliefs?
Which factor related to access could contribute to vaccine hesitancy?
Which factor related to access could contribute to vaccine hesitancy?
What type of information source is NOT mentioned as a potential source of vaccine hesitancy?
What type of information source is NOT mentioned as a potential source of vaccine hesitancy?
Which of the following is NOT a reason mentioned in the text for people desiring more information about vaccines?
Which of the following is NOT a reason mentioned in the text for people desiring more information about vaccines?
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Based on the text, which aspect of communication is MOST likely to influence vaccine hesitancy in specific populations?
Based on the text, which aspect of communication is MOST likely to influence vaccine hesitancy in specific populations?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason why people might refuse or delay vaccination?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why people might refuse or delay vaccination?
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What is the main purpose of the "CH & ID SESSIONS" list?
What is the main purpose of the "CH & ID SESSIONS" list?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an assessment component in the course?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an assessment component in the course?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor considered when introducing a new vaccine?
Which of the following is NOT a factor considered when introducing a new vaccine?
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According to the content, which of these conditions is a contraindication to immunization with a live attenuated vaccine?
According to the content, which of these conditions is a contraindication to immunization with a live attenuated vaccine?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a feature of an effective vaccine?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a feature of an effective vaccine?
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Which of the following is NOT a contraindication to immunization, but may require further investigation and consideration?
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication to immunization, but may require further investigation and consideration?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vaccination that typically results in longer-lasting immunity?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vaccination that typically results in longer-lasting immunity?
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What distinguishes an infection from an infectious disease?
What distinguishes an infection from an infectious disease?
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Which characteristic best defines pathogenicity?
Which characteristic best defines pathogenicity?
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What term describes a person who carries an infectious agent but does not exhibit any symptoms?
What term describes a person who carries an infectious agent but does not exhibit any symptoms?
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In the context of population health, which is a primary goal of communicable disease control?
In the context of population health, which is a primary goal of communicable disease control?
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What differentiates the severity of an infectious disease from its pathogenicity?
What differentiates the severity of an infectious disease from its pathogenicity?
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What is the primary purpose of mandatory notification in surveillance?
What is the primary purpose of mandatory notification in surveillance?
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Which of the following best defines an outbreak?
Which of the following best defines an outbreak?
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Which step is critical before analyzing data during an outbreak investigation?
Which step is critical before analyzing data during an outbreak investigation?
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What is the importance of creating a case definition in outbreak management?
What is the importance of creating a case definition in outbreak management?
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Which of the following is included in the components of a case definition?
Which of the following is included in the components of a case definition?
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What type of surveillance involves the voluntary reporting of cases?
What type of surveillance involves the voluntary reporting of cases?
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Which strategy is NOT part of the control measures during an outbreak?
Which strategy is NOT part of the control measures during an outbreak?
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In the context of case classification, which level indicates the highest certainty?
In the context of case classification, which level indicates the highest certainty?
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What is the primary portal of exit for the rabies agent?
What is the primary portal of exit for the rabies agent?
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Which type of transmission involves touching or biting to directly transfer a disease agent?
Which type of transmission involves touching or biting to directly transfer a disease agent?
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What exemplifies an indirect mode of disease transmission?
What exemplifies an indirect mode of disease transmission?
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Which of the following is NOT a common reservoir for diseases?
Which of the following is NOT a common reservoir for diseases?
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What is the primary purpose of active surveillance in public health?
What is the primary purpose of active surveillance in public health?
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Which method is NOT typically classified under methods of disease transmission?
Which method is NOT typically classified under methods of disease transmission?
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What does 'One Health' refer to in the context of public health tools?
What does 'One Health' refer to in the context of public health tools?
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What is the portal of entry for an agent through the skin?
What is the portal of entry for an agent through the skin?
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Which of the following statements is true concerning the role of physicians in communicable disease control?
Which of the following statements is true concerning the role of physicians in communicable disease control?
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Which of the following is an example of passive surveillance?
Which of the following is an example of passive surveillance?
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What type of study is most appropriate for determining the attack rate of Shiga-toxin E. coli associated with a specific food item, such as cupcakes, at a party?
What type of study is most appropriate for determining the attack rate of Shiga-toxin E. coli associated with a specific food item, such as cupcakes, at a party?
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Which of these is NOT typically considered a step in the process of data analysis for an outbreak investigation?
Which of these is NOT typically considered a step in the process of data analysis for an outbreak investigation?
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What is the main purpose of using whole genome sequencing in an outbreak investigation?
What is the main purpose of using whole genome sequencing in an outbreak investigation?
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A study that examines the association between eating at a specific restaurant and developing diarrheal illness is most likely what kind of study?
A study that examines the association between eating at a specific restaurant and developing diarrheal illness is most likely what kind of study?
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Which of the following scenarios would likely result in a propagated epidemic curve?
Which of the following scenarios would likely result in a propagated epidemic curve?
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For what purpose are diaries typically used in an outbreak investigation?
For what purpose are diaries typically used in an outbreak investigation?
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What is the primary distinction between the 'probable' and 'confirmed' case definitions in the provided content?
What is the primary distinction between the 'probable' and 'confirmed' case definitions in the provided content?
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Which of the following is NOT a key objective of outbreak management?
Which of the following is NOT a key objective of outbreak management?
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Which of these analytical approaches can provide valuable insights into the geographic distribution of cases during an outbreak?
Which of these analytical approaches can provide valuable insights into the geographic distribution of cases during an outbreak?
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In the provided information, what is the primary source of evidence for the existence of an outbreak?
In the provided information, what is the primary source of evidence for the existence of an outbreak?
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Study Notes
Principles of Immunization in Practice
- This presentation covers principles of immunization and vaccination programs.
- It discusses the uses of immunization, impact of vaccination, precautions, and contraindications.
- Vaccination programs in practice include sources of information, vaccination programs in Canada, and vaccine hesitancy.
Role of Immunization
- The role of immunization is categorized into pre-exposure and post-exposure strategies, focused on the individual and population levels.
- Pre-exposure strategies aim to prevent illness through measures like vaccination.
- Post-exposure strategies address situations where individuals have been exposed to a disease.
Passive Immunization
- Passive immunization involves administering pre-formed antibodies to boost a recipient's immunity.
- This approach offers immediate effects and provides short-term immunity.
- Examples include post-exposure treatment and administering immune globulins.
Passive Immunizing Agents
- Standard immune globulins (e.g., measles, Hep A) and specific immune globulins (e.g., Hepatitis B, Rabies, Tetanus, Varicella-Zoster) are passive immunizing agents.
- Antitoxins (or antisera) such as botulism antitoxin and diphtheria antitoxin are also part of this category.
Active Immunization
- Active immunization, also known as vaccination, uses vaccines.
- Vaccines administer all or part of a micro-organism to trigger an immune response.
- This method often provides longer-lasting immunity and is usually a pre-exposure measure.
Impact of Vaccination
- Vaccination's impact is highly positive given the drastic decrease in occurrences, such as tetanus, over time.
Effectiveness of Routine Immunization
- Immunization programs show significant reductions in infectious diseases like tetanus, documented in Canadian statistics from 1957-2008.
- The cost-effectiveness of various public health interventions is highlighted in a table measuring the cost per life-year saved.
Precautions & Contraindications
- Contraindications and precautions for vaccines exist.
- For live vaccines, significant immunosuppression and pregnancy are contraindications.
- Recent administration of other live vaccines and vaccine-specific factors should be considered.
- Anaphylaxis is another major precaution.
Conditions that are NOT Contraindications to Immunization
- Premature birth, breastfeeding, and concurrent antibiotic therapy aren't contraindications for inactivated vaccines.
- Conditions like common illnesses (unless accompanied by fever), allergies, and concerns about past reactions should be explored further or appropriately managed.
Vaccination Programs
- Vaccination programs are similar across Canada but may differ in timing or introduction of new vaccines.
- Population-specific vaccination programs exist.
- The schedule for these varies regionally.
Designing Vaccination Programs
- Effective vaccines need factors such as safety, sustained protection, stability, affordability, and ease of administration.
- Introduction costs, use/implementation feasibility, and program structure (distribution, records, and surveillance) contribute to cost-effectiveness.
- The focus of vaccination programs can be general-population based or targeted.
Surveillance of CD
- Surveillance of communicable diseases (CD) is an essential aspect of vaccine program effectiveness.
- Vaccine efficacy (phases 1 to 3) and program effectiveness (phase 4) are part of evaluations and research in vaccine programs.
Targeted Vaccination
- Risk groups (age, comorbidities) are prioritized for targeted vaccination.
- Post-exposure vaccination, situations combining risk exposure and disease, and responding to outbreaks are also targeted.
Adult Immunizations in NL
- General population adult vaccination focuses on influenza.
- Adults over 60 and at-risk populations receive pneumococcal and herpes zoster vaccines.
- Boosters such as Tdap are given to adults every 10 years and during pregnancy.
Travel Vaccinations
- Health Canada provides travel vaccination recommendations.
- These might not be covered by provincial programs and are region/activity-based.
- Requirements for entry into other countries (e.g., yellow fever) are important factors for travelers.
Vaccine Hesitancy
- Vaccine hesitancy is a topic of discussion around vaccination.
- Reasons for refusal/delay of vaccination include personal beliefs, safety concerns, and access-related issues.
Reasons why people refuse/delay vaccination
- Personal beliefs, the belief that natural immunity is better, or that healthy diets and lifestyles are sufficient reasons for not getting vaccinated.
- Safety concerns from media, social media, friends, and family.
- A desire for more information, or difficulty talking to a healthcare provider also contribute.
- Access limitations like distance, lack of transportation, or child care needs pose hurdles to vaccination for some people.
- Communication issues like language barriers and cultural preferences are significant factors.
Outbreak Investigation
- Confirm diagnosis and existence of an outbreak by defining cases, analyzing data, controlling measures, and communicating effectively.
- Case definitions, time period, and place of exposure are crucial components of outbreak investigations.
Epidemiology Triangle
- The agent, host, and environment interact in the epidemiology triangle.
- The agent is the causative microbe.
- The host's susceptibility depends on natural defense mechanisms, genetics, age, health status, and living conditions.
- The environment is anything affecting the agent and the host.
Infectious Disease Process/Chain of Infection
- This process (chain of infection) concerns how infectious diseases spread.
- It involves agent, reservoir, portals of entry/exit, and mode of transmission.
- The reservoir is the habitat for the infectious agent.
- Transmission can be direct (immediate transfer) or indirect (involving fomites, air, water, food, or vectors).
Tools for Communicable Disease Control
- Public health tools for communicable disease control include surveillance, vaccination programs, sanitation, one health, case management, and outbreak response.
Surveillance
- Surveillance involves ongoing scrutiny of all disease aspects relevant to effective control.
- Passive surveillance (mandatory physician and laboratory reports), active surveillance (public health investigation), immunization uptake and complications, and environmental monitoring (water, air) are crucial components.
Control Measures
- Control measures prevent new primary cases and further transmission of the infection.
- These include controlling the source, proportionate measures, reassessing effectiveness, hygiene, isolation/quarantine, and prophylactic medication.
Communication
- Communication includes informing affected individuals, the healthcare community, relevant authorities, and services involved, and the public.
When is an outbreak over?
- An outbreak is considered over when there are no new cases for a significant period (twice the incubation period), the source is contained, and transmission appears interrupted.
Source Investigation
- The investigation often involves retrospective cohort studies to identify, trace, and assess the risks linked with the source of an outbreak.
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Description
This quiz explores the principles of immunization, focusing on vaccination programs and their impacts. Key topics include pre-exposure and post-exposure strategies, as well as passive immunization methods. Understand the significance of immunization for both individuals and populations.
