30 Questions
What is the recommended temperature for storing vaccines?
+20C to +8OC
When should critically ill and hospitalized children be immunized?
On discharge after recovery
What should be done before administering any vaccine?
Read the manufacturer's instructions on the container
When should Measles vaccine be discarded after reconstitution?
6 hours
Who is responsible for creating awareness about immunization at the District level?
District Health Education Officer (DHEO)
What should be done with vaccines after the expiry date printed on the label?
Immediately dispose of them
What is the main aim of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI)?
Reducing illness, disability, and mortality from childhood diseases preventable by immunization
Which of the following is NOT one of the EPI target diseases?
Malaria
How have industrialized countries improved child health since the 1950s?
By reducing childhood vaccine-preventable diseases
Which disease is NOT mentioned as one of the EPI target diseases?
Mumps
What impact have vaccine-preventable diseases had on child survival and development in developing countries?
Negative impact on child survival and development
What is the primary focus of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in terms of disease prevention?
Preventing childhood diseases through vaccination
What was the aim of the 'The childhood immunization statement Policy' for Kenya?
To immunize all Kenyan children aged 0-5 years and all pregnant women free of charge
Which of the following vaccines were included in the 'The childhood immunization statement Policy'?
Tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, tetanus, whooping cough, measles, and diphtheria
What was the proposed immunization coverage target for single-dose antigens (BCG and measles) during the first 3 years of the policy's operation?
75
What was the proposed immunization coverage target for multiple-dose antigens (DPT, Polio, and tetanus toxoid) during the first 3 years of the policy's operation?
60
What was the ultimate aim for immunization coverage for all antigens after the first 3 years of the policy's operation?
80
How was the uptake of immunization services intended to be based?
Through individual motivation rather than coercion
What is the main purpose of the KEPI activities in the MCH/FP programme?
To strengthen and improve immunization activities
Who are the target participants of the high level training course in the MCH/FP programme?
Epi managers
What is the focus of the operational level training course in the MCH/FP programme?
Immunization activities in hospitals
Which group of staff undergoes the cold chain training course in the MCH/FP programme?
Mission and private health facilities staff
What is the most important activity of the MCH/FP programme according to the text?
Health education to increase public participation
Why is health education considered crucial in achieving targeted immunization coverage?
To convince families to utilize services
What was the primary motivation behind the World Health Organization's review of existing immunization services?
To address the high mortality and disability rates caused by vaccine-preventable diseases
Which of the following was NOT identified as a weakness of existing immunization services?
Inadequate funding for immunization activities
According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true about immunization services in developing countries during the 1950s and 1960s?
There was a lack of trained health workers to administer vaccines
What is the primary benefit of immunization mentioned in the passage?
It breaks the cycle of infection, diarrhea, and malnutrition
According to the passage, which of the following disabilities could result from vaccine-preventable diseases?
All of the above
Based on the information provided, what can be inferred about the impact of immunization services in developing countries prior to 1977?
They had limited impact due to various weaknesses in their implementation
Study Notes
Childhood Immunization Statement Policy for Kenya
- The policy aimed to immunize all Kenyan children aged 0-5 years (revised in 1985 to focus on 0-11 months) and all pregnant women with available recommended EPi vaccines.
- The goal was to reduce morbidity, mortality, and disability from 6 common childhood infectious diseases: tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, tetanus, whooping cough, measles, and diphtheria.
Objectives of KEPi's Plan of Operation
- Immunization coverage of 75% for single-dose antigens (BCG and measles) and 60% for multiple-dose ones (DPT, polio, and tetanus toxoid) during the first 3 years of operation in a given district.
- Attain a minimum of 80% for all antigens after the first 3 years.
Integration with MCH/FP Programme
- The programme aimed to strengthen health services, particularly MCH/FP, by integrating KEPI activities to improve immunization services.
Training Courses
- Four types of training courses:
- High-level training for top EPI managers
- Mid-level training for Provincial and District health management teams
- Operational-level training for staff in hospitals, health centers, and dispensaries
- Cold chain training course for maintenance and repair
Health Education
- The most important activity of the programme to increase public participation and achieve targeted immunization coverage.
- Key person: District Health Education Officer (DHEO) to create awareness and organize social mobilization activities.
Principles of KEPI
- Immunization services should be offered in government and non-government health facilities.
- Uptake of immunization services based on individual motivation rather than coercion.
- Correct record-keeping of vaccine administration and storage.
- Vaccines should be administered in a sterile procedure and stored at recommended temperatures.
Origins and Aims of EPI
- EPI aims to reduce illness, disability, and mortality from childhood diseases preventable by immunization.
- EPI target diseases include poliomyelitis, measles, diphtheria, pertussis, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, Hib disease, and neonatal tetanus.
- Immunization breaks the cycle of infection-diarrhea-malnutrition-infection, extending its impact beyond disease prevention and control.
This quiz covers the origins and aims of vaccination, the concept of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), objectives of EPI programmes, and a historical background of the Kenya EPI Programme. Test your knowledge on disease control and prevention through immunization.
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