Immunization and Vaccination Principles
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Questions and Answers

What is the recommended dosage schedule for the DPT Booster-2 vaccine?

  • 0.5 ml at 5 years and every 6 months thereafter
  • 2 ml at 5 years, then 0.5 ml at 7 years and 16 years
  • 0.5 ml at 5-6 years and another dose at 10 and 16 years (correct)
  • 0.5 ml at 5 years and another dose at 10 years

Why is it important to maintain a minimum gap of 4 weeks between doses of most vaccines?

  • To allow the body to recover from any side effects of the vaccine
  • To prevent allergic reactions to the vaccine
  • To ensure proper processing of the vaccine in the body
  • To enhance the effectiveness of the vaccine and ensure adequate antibody production (correct)

Which vaccine is being introduced in phases to replace the measles vaccine in the UIP schedule?

  • DPT vaccine
  • HepB vaccine
  • HPV vaccine
  • MR vaccine (correct)

What should be done if the first dose of the JE vaccine is delayed beyond 12 months?

<p>Ensure a minimum 3 months gap before the second dose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering vaccines at specific sites on the body?

<p>To create a uniform vaccination record and facilitate verification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of immunization as stated in the content?

<p>To make individuals resistant to infectious diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the impact of immunization on public health?

<p>Immunization is estimated to prevent 2 to 3 million deaths annually (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as a characteristic of effective immunization programs?

<p>They can be effectively delivered through outreach activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do health workers play in immunization according to the learning objectives?

<p>They help identify reasons for low immunization coverage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the accessibility of immunization according to the content?

<p>Immunization is accessible to even the most vulnerable groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the significance of the handbook mentioned in the content?

<p>It provides comprehensive guidance on immunization activities and technical aspects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the target group for immunization programs?

<p>Clearly defined groups including children and pregnant women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bacterium causes Tuberculosis?

<p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Hepatitis B?

<p>Acute jaundice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can Hepatitis B be transmitted?

<p>Contact with infected blood or body fluids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary means of preventing serious forms of childhood Tuberculosis?

<p>Vaccination with BCG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication can result from Hepatitis B infection?

<p>Cirrhosis of the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Tuberculosis primarily spread among individuals?

<p>Person to person via airborne transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is most at risk for developing chronic Hepatitis B?

<p>Infants infected at birth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important factor in the transmission of Tuberculosis?

<p>Crowded living conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is NOT typically associated with Tuberculosis?

<p>Severe diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tuberculosis may be contracted from consuming raw milk?

<p>Bovine tuberculosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial requirement for transporting vaccines to the immunization session site?

<p>Vaccines must be carried in a vaccine carrier with 4 conditioned ice packs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the earliest time pregnant women should receive the first TT vaccine?

<p>As early as possible in pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is NOT recommended when handling the vaccine carrier?

<p>Frequently checking the vaccines inside the carrier. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential to check on the vaccine vials before use?

<p>The label for expiry date and VVM. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine dose is administered at birth to infants?

<p>Hepatitis B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the requirements for an infant to receive the full immunization before age one?

<p>3 doses of OPV, 3 doses of Rotavirus, and 1 dose of MR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prior to administering vaccines, which assessment is necessary?

<p>Assessing infants for vaccination and possible contraindications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the immunization session, how should vaccines be prepared?

<p>Using aseptic technique to prepare and reconstitute vaccines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should the second dose of the MR vaccine be given to infants?

<p>Between 1 year and 2 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After administering vaccines using Open Vial Policy, how should opened vials be stored?

<p>Stored based on Open Vial Policy guidelines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age should the infants receive the first dose of the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV)?

<p>At 6 weeks and then a booster at 1 year (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which piece of information is crucial to communicate to caregivers during the vaccination session?

<p>The correct positioning for the child during vaccination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the route of administration for the OPV vaccine?

<p>Oral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate site for administering the fractional IPV?

<p>Antero-lateral side of mid-thigh (Right) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with the used vaccine vials after the immunization session?

<p>Packed separately with session site name and date. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When preparing for a vaccination session, which step is NOT necessary?

<p>Convening a meeting to discuss irrelevant topics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age is the 1st dose of Rotavirus vaccine given?

<p>At 6 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine is administered to infants as part of the complete immunization before age two?

<p>DPT booster (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the age maximum for the administration of OPV doses?

<p>5 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Immunization?

The process of making a person immune to an infectious disease by administering a vaccine.

How do vaccines work?

Vaccines trigger the body's natural defenses to protect against future infections.

What is the importance of immunization?

A proven tool for controlling and eliminating life-threatening diseases, saving millions of lives each year.

What are some reasons for low immunization coverage?

Factors such as lack of access, misinformation, or hesitancy can lead to lower vaccination rates.

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What is the role of health workers in immunization?

Health workers play a crucial role in ensuring that everyone receives the necessary vaccines.

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What are some responsibilities of health workers in immunization?

Health workers are responsible for planning and carrying out immunization sessions, and providing guidance on proper vaccine administration.

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Why is immunization considered a cost-effective investment?

Immunization is a cost-effective health intervention that can be effectively delivered through outreach activities.

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Vaccine Carrier Essentials

Vaccines must be transported in a carrier with four well-sealed, cold ice packs.

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Protecting Vaccines from Heat

Vaccine carriers should be kept in the shade to prevent overheating and excessive temperature fluctuations.

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VVM and Expiry Date Check

Before using a vaccine, always check the expiry date and VVM (Visual Vaccine Monitor) to ensure it's still effective.

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Open Vial Policy Label

Vials of vaccines that follow the 'Open Vial Policy' require the date and time of opening or reconstitution to be clearly written on the label.

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T-Series and HepB Vaccine Storage

T-series vaccines and Hepatitis B vaccines must be kept at the right temperature and should not be frozen, as freezing can damage the vaccine.

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Open Vial Policy Guidelines

The guidelines for using vaccines opened previously should be followed carefully.

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Diluent Storage

Diluents should be stored separately in a cold chain to maintain their effectiveness.

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Syringe Availability

An adequate number of syringes should be available for the immunization session.

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Anaphylaxis Kit Readiness

The Anaphylaxis kit should be fully stocked and ready for immediate use during an emergency.

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What is Tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.

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Why are vaccines given at specific sites?

Vaccines are administered at specific sites on the body for consistent application and to ensure proper administration. This allows for easy verification that the vaccine was actually given. For example, BCG is always given in the left upper arm.

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Why is there a minimum 4-week gap between doses?

A minimum gap of 4 weeks between vaccine doses is crucial because it allows the body enough time to develop the necessary antibodies for protection. Reducing the interval may not provide sufficient antibody production to achieve immunity.

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How is TB spread?

TB is spread through close contact with an infected person when they cough or sneeze, releasing bacteria into the air.

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How long can an opened Vitamin A bottle be used?

Once opened, Vitamin A capsules should be used within a specific timeframe to maintain their effectiveness and ensure safe administration. The duration of use after opening should be clearly stated on the product label.

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How is TB prevented?

Vaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is recommended to prevent serious forms of childhood TB.

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What is Hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that primarily affects the liver.

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Why is Hepatitis B dangerous for infants?

Infants who get infected with Hepatitis B during birth or before one year of age are at a higher risk of developing chronic infection.

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Why is Hepatitis B a serious concern?

Hepatitis B is highly contagious, even more so than HIV, and can lead to serious conditions like jaundice, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.

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How is Hepatitis B spread?

Hepatitis B can be spread through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids during activities like childbirth, sexual contact, or sharing needles.

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How is Hepatitis B prevented?

Vaccination against Hepatitis B is recommended as a key preventative measure.

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What is Diphtheria?

Diphtheria is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the respiratory system, causing a thick, gray membrane to form in the throat.

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How is Diphtheria spread?

Diphtheria is spread through close contact with an infected person, typically via respiratory droplets.

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TT-1

The first dose of tetanus toxoid vaccine is administered early in pregnancy to protect both the mother and the baby from tetanus infection.

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TT-2

The second dose of tetanus toxoid vaccine is given 4 weeks after the first dose, ensuring adequate protection against tetanus.

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TT-Booster

The booster dose of tetanus toxoid is administered if the woman has received 2 TT doses within the last 3 years of pregnancy.

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BCG

The BCG vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine given at birth to protect infants from tuberculosis.

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Hepatitis B-Birth dose

The Hepatitis B birth dose is essential to protect newborns against the virus in the first 24 hours of life.

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OPV- 0, 1, 2 & 3

The first dose of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) is given at birth and the subsequent doses are administered at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age.

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Pentavalent

The Pentavalent vaccine combines 5 antigens: diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenzae type b.

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Fractional IPV

The Fractional Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) is administered at 6 and 14 weeks of age to provide additional protection against polio.

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MR vaccine

The Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine is given as a first dose at 9 completed months and a second dose before 2 years of age.

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Rotavirus

The Rotavirus vaccine protects infants from rotavirus infection, a common cause of severe diarrhea.

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Study Notes

Immunization Handbook for Health Workers 2018

  • This handbook is a resource for health workers focused on immunization programs in India
  • It was published in 2018 by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.
  • The handbook aims to improve the knowledge and skills of health workers on immunization topics.
  • It provides guidelines and current updates for health workers in the immunization program, and is intended to be used as a reference guide for training and practice.

Message from the Secretary

  • The Secretary acknowledges the dedication of health workers in implementing the immunization program across India.
  • Their efforts are vital in improving health indicators by reaching children in remote and urban areas.
  • The goal is full immunization of all children and pregnant women.
  • The book aims to help health workers in continuous learning and improvement of skills.

Foreword

  • The handbook is released to support the Universal Immunization Program.
  • Its aim is to strengthen the routine immunization system to enhance coverage.
  • The manual provides valuable knowledge and guidance and is meant for both new and seasoned immunisation staff.
  • The handbook was developed as a result of cooperation between multiple agencies and departments to provide practical tools and up-to-date knowledge for field staff.

Preface

  • The handbook is intended to provide guidance and confidence to health workers in the immunization program.
  • The benefits of immunizations include preventing disease and disability.
  • The handbook has been rigorously reviewed to incorporate training materials and suggestions from field staff and medical officers.
  • The handbook focuses on practice and examples that are applicable to the field.

Contents

  • The handbook contains 12 sections providing a wide range of information (listed in the Table of Contents)
  • These chapters (or units) cover topics ranging from introduction and roles of health workers to managing immunization sessions, Adverse Events, record-keeping and using data for action.

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Related Documents

Immunization Handbook for Health Workers (2018) PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on immunization protocols and vaccination schedules with this quiz. Learn about the importance of maintaining gaps between doses and the role of health workers in effective immunization programs. Answer questions related to specific vaccines and their impact on public health.

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