30 Questions
What percentage of information do students retain when they actively do something as they say it?
90%
What are the factors that determine the success of any educational endeavor mentioned in the text?
- Determination to teach 2) Skill in teaching
What are the obstacles to learning discussed in the text?
Lack of time, Readiness to learn issues, Extent of behavioral changes, Stress of illness, Negative influence of environment, Lack of support from health professionals, Literacy problems
What are some methods mentioned in the text to engage learners in the learning process?
- Discussion 2) Role-playing 3) Small group discussion 4) Writing
What is the percentage of information students retain when they see and hear the content?
50%
What is the percentage of information students retain when they say what they are learning?
70%
What does 'encouraging student-faculty contact' in good teaching practice refer to?
Significant contact during class time
How can a heavy workload impact student-faculty contact in teaching?
Limiting the amount of time faculty can spend with students
What is meant by 'encouraging cooperation among students' in teaching?
Refers to collaborative learning, group studies, and projects
What does 'encouraging active learning' involve?
Enabling students to manipulate the content they are learning
Why is giving prompt feedback important in teaching?
To help students improve and stay on track
How can teachers communicate high expectations to students?
By clearly stating specific expectations and emphasizing hard work
What are the six hierarchical subcategories in the Affective Domain proposed by Krathwohl and Bloom in 1964?
- Receiving 2) Responding 3) Valuing 4) Organization 5) Characterization
What does the Receiving stage in the Affective Domain involve?
Being aware of an external stimulus (feel, sense, experience).
Describe the Valuing stage in the Affective Domain.
Referring to the student’s belief or appropriation of worth (showing preference or respect).
What is the focus of the Psychomotor Domain objectives?
Specific to reflex actions, interpretive movements, and discreet physical functions.
What is the main idea behind Constructivism?
Individual learners actively construct their own learning based on prior knowledge and experiences.
How is the learner viewed in the context of Constructivism?
As an active manipulator of information.
What are the three stages of information processing in the Stage Theory of Information?
Sensory Memory, Short-term Memory, Long-term Memory
How long does information last in Sensory Memory for what we SEE?
1/2 seconds
According to Piaget, what is the first stage of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor Stage
What is Object Permanence in the context of cognitive development?
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed.
At what age range does the Concrete Operational Stage occur?
7 years to 11 years
What ability do children develop in the Concrete Operational Stage related to quantity perception?
Ability to Conserve
What is the main focus of Vygotsky's Theory of Learning?
Social learning and cultural influences
Define the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
The range of tasks that a child can perform with the help of a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO).
Who is the More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) in Vygotsky's theory?
A person who knows more than the child, such as a teacher or parent.
What is the significance of scaffolding in Vygotsky's theory?
It enlarges the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) by providing support and guidance.
How does Vygotsky view the role of language in cognitive development?
Language is central to cognitive development as it facilitates communication and understanding.
What are the Elementary Mental Functions according to Vygotsky?
Attention, Sensation, Perception, and Memory.
Study Notes
Formal Operational Stage
- Runs from 11 years into adulthood
- Developed abstract thought, logic, and hypothesis testing
Vygotsky's Theory of Learning
- Proposed by Lev Vygotsky
- Social learning is integral to cognitive development
- Culture and social environment significantly impact how children think and what they think about
- Elementary Mental Functions include:
- Attention
- Sensation
- Perception
- Memory
- Key concepts:
- Scaffolding
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
- More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)
Principles of Good Teaching
- 7 principles:
- Encourage student-faculty contact
- Encourage cooperation among students
- Encourage active learning
- Give prompt feedback
- Emphasize time on task
- Encourage studying and practice seriously
- Communicate high expectations
- Respect diverse talents and ways of learning
Barriers to Teaching
- Lack of time to teach
- Not competent/confident with teaching skills
- Personal characteristics
- Environmental factors
- Lack of space
- Lack of privacy
- Noise
- Frequent interferences
Principles of Learning
- Use multiple senses to retain information
- Reading: 10%
- Hearing: 20%
- Seeing: 30%
- Seeing & hearing: 50%
- Saying: 70%
- Saying & doing: 90%
- Actively involve learners in the learning process
- Use methods that engage participants:
- Discussion
- Role-playing
- Small group discussion
- Knowledge
- Understanding
- Application
- Analysis
- Synthesis
- Evaluation
Affective Domain
- Concerned with feelings and emotions
- Proposed by Krathwohl and Bloom in 1964
- Hierarchy of objectives:
- Receiving
- Responding
- Valuing
- Organization
- Characterization
Psychomotor Domain
- Objectives specific to reflex actions, interpretive movements, and discreet physical functions
- Refers to how we use our bodies and senses to interact with the world
- Examples: learning dance or gymnastics
Constructivism
- Proposes that individual learners construct their own learning
- Based on prior knowledge and experiences, and interaction with their environment
- Learner is an active manipulator of information
Stage Theory of Information
- Information is processed and stored in 3 stages:
- Sensory Memory (fleeting)
- Short-term Memory (20 seconds)
- Long-term Memory (firmly tied to an existing schema)
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
- Proposed by Jean Piaget (Cognitive Constructivist)
- Stages of cognitive development:
- Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): learning basic Schemas and Object Permanence
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): developing more Schemas and symbolic thinking
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): developing ability to conserve and work things out mentally
Test your knowledge on the 7 principles of good teaching practice including student-faculty contact, cooperation among students, and active learning. Explore how these principles can be implemented in various educational settings.
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