Primate Morphology and Taxonomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What anatomical feature distinguishes Strepsirrhini from Anthropoidea in terms of mandibular structure?

  • Fused mandibular symphysis in Anthropoidea
  • Unfused mandibular symphysis in Anthropoidea
  • Unfused mandibular symphysis in Strepsirrhini (correct)
  • Fused mandibular symphysis in Strepsirrhini

Which of the following characteristics is present in Anthropoidea but not in Strepsirrhini?

  • Tooth comb
  • Grooming claw on second digit of foot
  • Postorbital closure (correct)
  • More nocturnal behavior

What sensory reliance is greater in Strepsirrhini compared to Anthropoidea?

  • Hearing
  • Vision
  • Olfaction (correct)
  • Touch

Which feature is present in Strepsirrhini to assist with nocturnal vision?

<p>Tapetum lucidum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the active periods of Strepsirrhini and Anthropoidea?

<p>Anthropoidea consist mostly of diurnal species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is considered a synapomorphic trait of primates?

<p>Grasping hands and feet with opposable big toe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'plesiomorphic' refer to in primate traits?

<p>Ancient characteristics retained from ancestors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of primate synapomorphic traits?

<p>Long tails for balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of primate morphology, what is a defining feature of ancestral traits?

<p>Live births (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly identifies a trait associated with increased parental investment in primates?

<p>Reduction in the number of offspring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature is unique to primates and aids in their visual capability?

<p>Postorbital bar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of forward-facing eyes in primates primarily enhance?

<p>Field of vision and depth perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a common trait shared by all placental mammals, including primates?

<p>Lactation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is true only for strepsirrhines and not for anthropoids?

<p>Grooming claw on the second digit (A), Presence of a tapetum lucidum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dental formula represents New World monkeys?

<p>2.1.3.3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes the superfamily Cercopithecoidea from Hominoidea?

<p>Presence of tails (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavioral characteristic of Callitrichidae family members?

<p>Males care for offspring. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is found in colobine monkeys but not in cercopithecine monkeys?

<p>Folivorous diet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature do tarsiers possess compared to other primate groups?

<p>Immobilized eyes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of traits differentiates anthropoids from strepsirrhines?

<p>Fused mandibular symphysis and absence of rhinarium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of the dental formula in Old World monkeys (Cercopithecoidea)?

<p>2.1.2.3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of Platyrrhini (New World monkeys)?

<p>Nostrils that face out (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the tarsiers is incorrect?

<p>They are primarily herbivorous. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific tail feature do all Old World monkeys lack?

<p>Prehensile tails (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these traits is NOT typical of the infrafamily Colobinae?

<p>Individuals possess cheek pouches. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of the hominoidea superfamily?

<p>Broad nose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a trait associated with the haplorhine primates?

<p>Presence of a tapetum lucidum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is primarily indicative of the Strepsirrhini group?

<p>Grooming claw on second digit of foot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes the sensory reliance of anthropoids from that of strepsirrhines?

<p>Greater reliance on vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of anthropoids compared to strepsirrhines?

<p>Fused mandibular symphysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature is found in the eyes of nocturnal animals, particularly in the Strepsirrhini, aiding in low-light vision?

<p>Tapetum lucidum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the dental features of Strepsirrhini?

<p>They have a tooth comb formed by 4 incisors and 2 canines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is an example of a synapomorphic trait in primates?

<p>Grasping hands with opposable thumbs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a plesiomorphic trait in primates?

<p>It is an ancient characteristic retained from a distant ancestor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a defined synapomorphic trait of primates?

<p>Larger brain size relative to body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits contributes to improved visual capabilities in primates?

<p>Forward-facing eyes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of primate reproductive strategies distinguishes them among mammals?

<p>They usually produce a single offspring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is a common feature in advanced primate taxa?

<p>Nails instead of claws (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In primate morphology, what is the primary advantage of the postorbital bar?

<p>It protects the eyes and enhances binocular vision. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is specifically associated with higher primates?

<p>A high degree of social organization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dental formula is characteristic of the Callitrichidae family?

<p>2.1.3.2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature differentiates cercopithecine monkeys from colobine monkeys?

<p>Cheek pouches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of the Hominoidea superfamily?

<p>Y-5 molar pattern (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is indicative of Platyrrhini (New World monkeys)?

<p>Nostrils that face outwards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What morphological feature does the tarsier possess that is similar to strepsirrhines?

<p>Unfused mandibular symphysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is typical of Haplorrhini primates?

<p>Postorbital closure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes colobinae from cercopithecinae in terms of diet?

<p>Primarily folivorous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which typology correctly categorizes the common traits of old world monkeys?

<p>Presence of tails (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of social structure is commonly found in the Callitrichidae family?

<p>Polyandrous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is NOT typically found in anthropoids?

<p>Grooming claw (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature provides evidence of dietary specialization in colobine monkeys?

<p>Specialized gut morphology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What locomotor adaptation is evident in tarsiers?

<p>Longer hindlimbs than body length (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the sexual dimorphism in Catarrhini typically manifest?

<p>Significant size variation exists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tail adaptation is found in some Platyrrhini species?

<p>Prehensile tails (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Strepsirrhini characteristics

A suborder of primates, including lemurs and lorises, that exhibit characteristics like an unfused mandibular symphysis, grooming claws, a tooth comb, a rhinarium (wet nose), and a greater reliance on olfaction than anthropoids.

Anthropoidea characteristics

A primate suborder including monkeys, apes, and humans, distinguished by fused mandibular symphysis, lack of grooming claws, no tooth comb, no rhinarium (dry nose), and greater visual reliance than Strepsirrhini.

Rhinarium

A wet nose, a characteristic of primates like lemurs and lorises.

Diurnal

Active during the day. Opposite of nocturnal.

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Tapetum lucidum?

A light-reflecting layer in the eye that improves vision in low light. Found in some nocturnal animals.

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Primate Plesiomorphic Traits

Ancient characteristics inherited from a distant ancestor, including lactation, live birth, and tapetum lucidum (eye-reflective layer).

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Primate Synapomorphic Traits

Derived traits that evolved in the last common ancestor of a group of primates, like grasping hands and feet, nails instead of claws, and forward-facing eyes.

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Opposable Thumb/Toe

A crucial primate trait where the thumb (or big toe) can touch the other fingers (toes), enabling grasping and manipulation.

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Nails instead of Claws

Primates evolved nails instead of claws, providing a different form of gripping and manipulating objects.

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Postorbital Bar

A bony structure behind the eye socket, a synapomorphic trait of primates.

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Stereoscopic Vision

Forward-facing eyes providing depth perception and enhanced visual fields, found in primates.

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Reduced Offspring

Primates typically have fewer offspring compared to other mammals, often one or two.

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Increased Parental Investment

Primates invest significantly more time and energy in caring for their offspring, a result of producing fewer young.

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Strepsirrhine Primates

A group of primates that includes lemurs, lorises, and galagos.

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Haplorhine Primates

A group of primates that includes tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans.

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Anthropoid Primates

A group including monkeys, apes, and humans, known for fused parts (bones/mandible).

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Lemuriformes

Primate infraorder, containing lemurs, located in Madagascar.

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Lorisiformes

Primate infraorder containing lorises and galagos; Africa/Asia.

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Tarsiiformes

Primate infraorder; including tarsiers (Asia)

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Platyrrhini

Primate group, New World monkeys (Americas).

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Catarrhini

Primate group, Old World monkeys, apes, and humans.

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Callitrichidae

Family of marmosets and tamarins (New World).

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Cebidae

Family of New World monkeys (other than callitrichids).

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Cercopithecoidea

Superfamily of Old World monkeys (OWM).

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Colobinae

Subfamily of leaf-eating Old World monkeys.

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Hominoidea

Superfamily of apes and humans.

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Hylobatidae

Family of gibbons and siamangs.

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Hominidae

Family of great apes (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, humans).

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What separates Strepsirrhini & Anthropoidea?

Strepsirrhini (lemurs, lorises) have an unfused mandibular symphysis (chin) and a unfused frontal bone. Anthropoidea (monkeys, apes, humans) have a fused mandibular symphysis and a fused frontal bone, along with a postorbital plate.

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What is a tooth comb?

A tooth comb is a specialized structure found in Strepsirrhini (lemurs, lorises) consisting of four lower incisors and two canines, used for grooming.

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What is a rhinarium?

A rhinarium is a moist, naked area around the nostrils, found in Strepsirrhini (lemurs, lorises).

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What is a tapetum lucidum?

A tapetum lucidum is a reflective layer in the eye that enhances vision in low light. It is found in Strepsirrhini (lemurs, lorises).

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Strepsirrhini vs. Anthropoidea: Activity

Strepsirrhini are mostly nocturnal (night-active) and arboreal (tree-dwelling), while Anthropoidea are diurnal (day-active) and can be arboreal or terrestrial (ground-dwelling).

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Primate Taxonomy

The scientific classification of primates, using Linnaean hierarchy (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species), to understand their evolutionary relationships.

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Taxon

A level in the Linnaean classification system, referring to a group of organisms at a specific rank, like 'Order' or 'Family'.

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Plesiomorphic Trait

An ancestral, primitive characteristic inherited from a distant ancestor, often shared by a large group.

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Synapomorphic Trait

A derived trait newly evolved in the last common ancestor of a group, distinguishing them from other groups.

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Primate Suborders

Primates are divided into two suborders: Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini. Strepsirrhini includes lemurs, lorises, and galagos, while Haplorhini includes tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans.

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Strepsirrhini Traits

Strepsirrhines share traits like an unfused frontal bone, unfused mandibular symphysis, no postorbital closure (just a bar), a moist rhinarium (wet nose), a tooth comb, and a tapetum lucidum (reflective eye layer).

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Haplorhini Traits

Haplorhines have traits like a fused frontal bone, a fused mandibular symphysis, postorbital closure (bar and plate), no rhinarium (dry, flat nose), no tooth comb, and no tapetum lucidum.

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Tarsiers

Tarsiers are unique primates that share some Strepsirrhini-like traits (unfused mandible, no postorbital closure, no rhinarium) but also exhibit some Anthropoid-like features (fused frontal bone, no tapetum lucidum, no tooth comb).

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Study Notes

Primate Morphology/Taxonomy

  • Primates are classified within the animal kingdom, phylum Chordata, class Mammalia.
  • Order: Primates
  • Family: Hominidae
  • Genus: Homo
  • Species: sapiens
  • "Taxon" is a term used to describe each level of the Linnaean classification hierarchy

Important Terminology

  • Plesiomorphic traits: Primitive traits inherited from a distant ancestor.

    • Lactation
    • Live births
    • Tapetum lucidum (light-reflecting layer of the eye)

  • Synapomorphic traits: Derived traits that evolved in a more recent common ancestor.

    • Grasping hands and feet with opposable thumbs
    • Nails instead of claws
    • Postorbital bar (a bony structure behind the eye socket)
    • Larger proportion of brain devoted to vision
    • Forward-facing eyes (stereoscopic vision and wide binocular fields)
    • Reduction in the number of offspring (usually 1)
    • Increased parental investment
    • Dermatoglyphic ridges (fingerprints)

Primate Suborders

  • Strepsirrhini: Lemurs, lorises

  • Unfused frontal bone

  • Unfused mandibular symphysis

  • No postorbital closure (bar only), rhinarium

  • Tapetum lucidum

  • Grooming claw

  • Tooth comb

  • Greater reliance on olfaction than anthropoids

  • Primarily nocturnal and arboreal

  • More nocturnal (night-active) and arboreal (tree-dwelling) species than anthropoids

  • Tapetum lucidum: light gathering layer of the eye

  • Haplorhini: Monkeys, apes, humans

  • Fused frontal bone

  • Fused mandibular symphysis

  • Postorbital closure (bar + plate)

  • No rhinarium

  • No tapetum lucidum, instead has a retinal fovea

  • No grooming claw

  • No tooth comb

  • Reduced reliance on olfaction, increased reliance on vision

  • Primarily diurnal (day-active) except 1 species (ground dwelling)

Primate Infraorders and Families

  • Lemuriformes: Lemurs, indris, aye-ayes (Confined to Madagascar; High species diversity)
  • Dental formula: 1.0.1.3/1.0.0.3 (aye-aye)
  • Lorisiformes: Lorises, galagos, pottos (Mostly in Africa and Asia)
  • Tarsiiformes: Tarsiers (Restricted to Asia)
  • Head can turn 180°
  • Hindlimbs twice as long as the body
  • Immobile eyes, larger than brain
  • Platyrrhini: New World Monkeys
  • Dental formula: 2.1.3.3
  • Nostrils face out
  • No bony ear tube
  • All arboreal
  • Minimal sexual dimorphism
  • Some have prehensile tails
  • Catarrhini: Old World Monkeys, Apes, Humans
  • Dental formula: 2.1.2.3
  • Bony ear tube
  • Downward-facing nostrils
  • Highly sexually dimorphic
  • Arboreal and terrestrial (some)
  • Tails are never prehensile
  • Cercopithecoidea: Old World Monkeys (baboons, macaques, guenons)
  • Primarily frugivorous (fruit-eating)
  • Simple stomach
  • Cheek pouches
  • Low rounded cusps
  • Large range of body sizes
  • Terrestrial and arboreal
  • Arms/legs same length (some species)
  • Colobinae: Old World monkeys (colobine monkeys, langurs)
  • Primarily folivorous (leaf-eating)
  • Specialized gut morphology (sacculated stomach)
  • Sharp cusps
  • No cheek pouches
  • Legs longer than arms
  • Sacculated stomach (chambered stomach) helps break down vegetables
  • Hylobatidae: Gibbons, siamangs ("Lesser apes")
  • Pair-bonding
  • Brachiation
  • Long arms
  • Hominidae: Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimpanzees, Humans ("Great apes")
  • Sexual dimorphism
  • Solitary or group-living
  • Culture

Important Distinguishing Features (Cercopithecoidea vs. Hominoidea):

  • Cercopithecoidea: Narrow nose, long narrow trunk, tails, bilophodont teeth.
  • Hominoidea: Broad nose, short wide trunk, no tails, Y-5 molar pattern.

Additional Notes

  • Tarsiers possess some characteristics similar to strepsirrhines.
  • Classification systems and details can evolve.

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