Primate Morphology and Taxonomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What anatomical feature distinguishes Strepsirrhini from Anthropoidea in terms of mandibular structure?

  • Fused mandibular symphysis in Anthropoidea
  • Unfused mandibular symphysis in Anthropoidea
  • Unfused mandibular symphysis in Strepsirrhini (correct)
  • Fused mandibular symphysis in Strepsirrhini

    • Which of the following characteristics is present in Anthropoidea but not in Strepsirrhini?

  • Tooth comb
  • Grooming claw on second digit of foot
  • Postorbital closure (correct)
  • More nocturnal behavior

    • What sensory reliance is greater in Strepsirrhini compared to Anthropoidea?

  • Hearing
  • Vision
  • Olfaction (correct)
  • Touch

    • Which feature is present in Strepsirrhini to assist with nocturnal vision?

    <p>Tapetum lucidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the active periods of Strepsirrhini and Anthropoidea?

    <p>Anthropoidea consist mostly of diurnal species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is considered a synapomorphic trait of primates?

    <p>Grasping hands and feet with opposable big toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'plesiomorphic' refer to in primate traits?

    <p>Ancient characteristics retained from ancestors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of primate synapomorphic traits?

    <p>Long tails for balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of primate morphology, what is a defining feature of ancestral traits?

    <p>Live births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option correctly identifies a trait associated with increased parental investment in primates?

    <p>Reduction in the number of offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature is unique to primates and aids in their visual capability?

    <p>Postorbital bar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of forward-facing eyes in primates primarily enhance?

    <p>Field of vision and depth perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a common trait shared by all placental mammals, including primates?

    <p>Lactation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is true only for strepsirrhines and not for anthropoids?

    <p>Grooming claw on the second digit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dental formula represents New World monkeys?

    <p>2.1.3.3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes the superfamily Cercopithecoidea from Hominoidea?

    <p>Presence of tails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common behavioral characteristic of Callitrichidae family members?

    <p>Males care for offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is found in colobine monkeys but not in cercopithecine monkeys?

    <p>Folivorous diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature do tarsiers possess compared to other primate groups?

    <p>Immobilized eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of traits differentiates anthropoids from strepsirrhines?

    <p>Fused mandibular symphysis and absence of rhinarium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable feature of the dental formula in Old World monkeys (Cercopithecoidea)?

    <p>2.1.2.3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of Platyrrhini (New World monkeys)?

    <p>Nostrils that face out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the tarsiers is incorrect?

    <p>They are primarily herbivorous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific tail feature do all Old World monkeys lack?

    <p>Prehensile tails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these traits is NOT typical of the infrafamily Colobinae?

    <p>Individuals possess cheek pouches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of the hominoidea superfamily?

    <p>Broad nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a trait associated with the haplorhine primates?

    <p>Presence of a tapetum lucidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is primarily indicative of the Strepsirrhini group?

    <p>Grooming claw on second digit of foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes the sensory reliance of anthropoids from that of strepsirrhines?

    <p>Greater reliance on vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of anthropoids compared to strepsirrhines?

    <p>Fused mandibular symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature is found in the eyes of nocturnal animals, particularly in the Strepsirrhini, aiding in low-light vision?

    <p>Tapetum lucidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the dental features of Strepsirrhini?

    <p>They have a tooth comb formed by 4 incisors and 2 canines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is an example of a synapomorphic trait in primates?

    <p>Grasping hands with opposable thumbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a plesiomorphic trait in primates?

    <p>It is an ancient characteristic retained from a distant ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a defined synapomorphic trait of primates?

    <p>Larger brain size relative to body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits contributes to improved visual capabilities in primates?

    <p>Forward-facing eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of primate reproductive strategies distinguishes them among mammals?

    <p>They usually produce a single offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is a common feature in advanced primate taxa?

    <p>Nails instead of claws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In primate morphology, what is the primary advantage of the postorbital bar?

    <p>It protects the eyes and enhances binocular vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is specifically associated with higher primates?

    <p>A high degree of social organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dental formula is characteristic of the Callitrichidae family?

    <p>2.1.3.2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature differentiates cercopithecine monkeys from colobine monkeys?

    <p>Cheek pouches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of the Hominoidea superfamily?

    <p>Y-5 molar pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is indicative of Platyrrhini (New World monkeys)?

    <p>Nostrils that face outwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What morphological feature does the tarsier possess that is similar to strepsirrhines?

    <p>Unfused mandibular symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is typical of Haplorrhini primates?

    <p>Postorbital closure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes colobinae from cercopithecinae in terms of diet?

    <p>Primarily folivorous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which typology correctly categorizes the common traits of old world monkeys?

    <p>Presence of tails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of social structure is commonly found in the Callitrichidae family?

    <p>Polyandrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is NOT typically found in anthropoids?

    <p>Grooming claw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature provides evidence of dietary specialization in colobine monkeys?

    <p>Specialized gut morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What locomotor adaptation is evident in tarsiers?

    <p>Longer hindlimbs than body length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sexual dimorphism in Catarrhini typically manifest?

    <p>Significant size variation exists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tail adaptation is found in some Platyrrhini species?

    <p>Prehensile tails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Primate Morphology/Taxonomy

    • Primates are classified within the animal kingdom, phylum Chordata, class Mammalia.
    • Order: Primates
    • Family: Hominidae
    • Genus: Homo
    • Species: sapiens
    • "Taxon" is a term used to describe each level of the Linnaean classification hierarchy

    Important Terminology

    • Plesiomorphic traits: Primitive traits inherited from a distant ancestor.

      • Lactation
      • Live births
      • Tapetum lucidum (light-reflecting layer of the eye)

    • Synapomorphic traits: Derived traits that evolved in a more recent common ancestor.

      • Grasping hands and feet with opposable thumbs
      • Nails instead of claws
      • Postorbital bar (a bony structure behind the eye socket)
      • Larger proportion of brain devoted to vision
      • Forward-facing eyes (stereoscopic vision and wide binocular fields)
      • Reduction in the number of offspring (usually 1)
      • Increased parental investment
      • Dermatoglyphic ridges (fingerprints)

    Primate Suborders

    • Strepsirrhini: Lemurs, lorises

    • Unfused frontal bone

    • Unfused mandibular symphysis

    • No postorbital closure (bar only), rhinarium

    • Tapetum lucidum

    • Grooming claw

    • Tooth comb

    • Greater reliance on olfaction than anthropoids

    • Primarily nocturnal and arboreal

    • More nocturnal (night-active) and arboreal (tree-dwelling) species than anthropoids

    • Tapetum lucidum: light gathering layer of the eye

    • Haplorhini: Monkeys, apes, humans

    • Fused frontal bone

    • Fused mandibular symphysis

    • Postorbital closure (bar + plate)

    • No rhinarium

    • No tapetum lucidum, instead has a retinal fovea

    • No grooming claw

    • No tooth comb

    • Reduced reliance on olfaction, increased reliance on vision

    • Primarily diurnal (day-active) except 1 species (ground dwelling)

    Primate Infraorders and Families

    • Lemuriformes: Lemurs, indris, aye-ayes (Confined to Madagascar; High species diversity)
    • Dental formula: 1.0.1.3/1.0.0.3 (aye-aye)
    • Lorisiformes: Lorises, galagos, pottos (Mostly in Africa and Asia)
    • Tarsiiformes: Tarsiers (Restricted to Asia)
    • Head can turn 180°
    • Hindlimbs twice as long as the body
    • Immobile eyes, larger than brain
    • Platyrrhini: New World Monkeys
    • Dental formula: 2.1.3.3
    • Nostrils face out
    • No bony ear tube
    • All arboreal
    • Minimal sexual dimorphism
    • Some have prehensile tails
    • Catarrhini: Old World Monkeys, Apes, Humans
    • Dental formula: 2.1.2.3
    • Bony ear tube
    • Downward-facing nostrils
    • Highly sexually dimorphic
    • Arboreal and terrestrial (some)
    • Tails are never prehensile
    • Cercopithecoidea: Old World Monkeys (baboons, macaques, guenons)
    • Primarily frugivorous (fruit-eating)
    • Simple stomach
    • Cheek pouches
    • Low rounded cusps
    • Large range of body sizes
    • Terrestrial and arboreal
    • Arms/legs same length (some species)
    • Colobinae: Old World monkeys (colobine monkeys, langurs)
    • Primarily folivorous (leaf-eating)
    • Specialized gut morphology (sacculated stomach)
    • Sharp cusps
    • No cheek pouches
    • Legs longer than arms
    • Sacculated stomach (chambered stomach) helps break down vegetables
    • Hylobatidae: Gibbons, siamangs ("Lesser apes")
    • Pair-bonding
    • Brachiation
    • Long arms
    • Hominidae: Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimpanzees, Humans ("Great apes")
    • Sexual dimorphism
    • Solitary or group-living
    • Culture

    Important Distinguishing Features (Cercopithecoidea vs. Hominoidea):

    • Cercopithecoidea: Narrow nose, long narrow trunk, tails, bilophodont teeth.
    • Hominoidea: Broad nose, short wide trunk, no tails, Y-5 molar pattern.

    Additional Notes

    • Tarsiers possess some characteristics similar to strepsirrhines.
    • Classification systems and details can evolve.

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    Primate Morphology & Taxonomy Tutorial 2024 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on primate morphology and taxonomy, including important terminology and characteristics of different suborders. This quiz covers the classification hierarchy, various traits, and distinctive features that define primates.

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