Primary Health Care (PHC) in Nigeria
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of the 'Health for All' strategy?

  • To provide health care only to the rural population
  • To eradicate diseases and infirmities by the year 2000AD
  • To ensure social justice through equal access to health services (correct)
  • To focus on curative care in urban areas

    • What is the definition of health according to the text?

  • Availability of health services in rural areas
  • A state of mere physical well-being
  • Absence of disease and infirmity
  • A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being (correct)

    • When was the 'Health for All' strategy adopted by the World Health Assembly?

  • May 1990
  • May 1980
  • May 1977 (correct)
  • May 1975

    • What is the focus of the Primary Health Care (PHC) approach?

    <p>Extending health care to all citizens at an affordable cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of the Primary Health Care (PHC) concept?

    <p>The 'Health for All' strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the concept of Primary Health Care (PHC) important?

    <p>It ensures social justice through equal access to health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consequence of not having good Primary health care?

    <p>Referral services would be overwhelmed by problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the first level of health care?

    <p>Meeting the needs and priorities of individuals, families and communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of Primary Health Care according to the WHO definition?

    <p>To make essential health care universally accessible to individuals and families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of Primary Health Care?

    <p>Exclusivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the Basic Health Services Scheme (BHSS) introduced in 1975 in Nigeria?

    <p>To make quality care accessible to the entire population through a network of health clinics and PHC centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Primary Health Care in the national health system?

    <p>To have contact with members of the community for providing continuing health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main objective of the National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA) established in 1992?

    <p>To make basic healthcare accessible to the grassroots through collaboration with the Ward Minimum Health Care Package</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of Primary Health Care in terms of technology?

    <p>To use technology that is within the reach of the community to use effectively and maintain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental premise of primary health care?

    <p>That all people, everywhere, deserve the right care, right in their community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of Primary Health Care?

    <p>Maternal and Child health Services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of primary health care?

    <p>Addressing the majority of a person's health needs throughout their lifetime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary approach of Primary Health Care?

    <p>A practical approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the emphasis of Primary Health Care?

    <p>On self-reliance and self-determination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essence of primary health care?

    <p>To bring health closer to the people, in the community, and through their full participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the National Health Policy of 1988?

    <p>To improve equity in access and utilization of basic health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many essential elements of Primary Health Care are mentioned in the text?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Ward Minimum Health Care Package (WMHcp)?

    <p>To outline a set of cost-effective health interventions with reduction of morbidity and mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental human right as stated in the World Health Assembly in 1978?

    <p>Right to healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the primary health care approach?

    <p>People-centered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of primary health care in terms of the quality of care?

    <p>To ensure that the quality of care should steadily improve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following health statistics is typically lower in urban areas compared to rural areas?

    <p>Infant mortality rate (IMR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the inequality of healthcare in rural areas?

    <p>Concentration of healthcare resources in urban areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of manpower development in the context of Primary Health Care?

    <p>Mobilizing human potential of the entire community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of traditional medical practitioners and birth attendants in Primary Health Care?

    <p>Influencing local healthcare practices and promoting health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who plays a significant role in promoting health in Primary Health Care?

    <p>Family members, especially women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is community participation in the context of Primary Health Care?

    <p>A process where individuals and communities assume responsibility for their own health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of Primary Health Care in terms of healthcare resource distribution?

    <p>To shift healthcare resources from urban to rural areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the disparity in healthcare access between rural and urban areas?

    <p>Social injustice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of education and training in Primary Health Care?

    <p>Education and training of health workers to perform functions relevant to countries' health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of women's organizations in Primary Health Care?

    <p>Teaching and encouraging discussions on health matters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of community involvement in health activities?

    <p>Improving the health status of individuals and communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential feature of PHC that enables community members to identify their own health problems?

    <p>Capacity of individuals to appraise a situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of appropriate technology in health care?

    <p>It is scientifically or technically sound, adaptable to local needs, culturally acceptable and financially feasible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nurses in PHC in relation to patients?

    <p>Assessing, observing, and speaking to patients, recording details and symptoms of patients' medical history and current health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of public health nursing?

    <p>Promoting healthy lifestyle and preventing diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of involving community in the assessment of health situations?

    <p>Definition of the problem and setting of priorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using appropriate technology in health care?

    <p>It is cheaper, scientifically valid, and culturally acceptable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nurses in PHC in relation to the community?

    <p>Securing health services relevant to community and population needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of community involvement in health planning?

    <p>It is essential for building local self-reliance and gaining social control over PHC infrastructures and technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of public health nursing?

    <p>Protecting and improving the health of the people and their communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of public health nursing?

    <p>To promote and protect the health of populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In traditional medicine, what is the role of a Herbalist?

    <p>To use mainly herbs to cure diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main contribution of Issac Ladipo Oluwole in public health services?

    <p>Establishment of the first school of hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the period of the use of traditional medicine in different communities?

    <p>Pre-colonial era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the Alma-Ata declaration of 1978 on the public health sector in Nigeria?

    <p>It increased coverage, accessibility, and utilization of health services in rural areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main goal of the national health policy adopted in 1987?

    <p>To achieve a level of health that will enable all Nigerians to achieve socially and economically productive lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) in Nigeria?

    <p>To assist mothers at childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the development of West African Medical services?

    <p>The establishment of health facilities by Missionary Agencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the response to the bubonic plague outbreak in Lagos in the early 20th century?

    <p>Adequate sanitary inspection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of early home care in the 1800s?

    <p>Serving the poor and the needy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary role of district nurses between 1800 and 1990?

    <p>Treating sick individuals under the direction of physicians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of specialized programs on infant and health teaching between 1970 and 1990?

    <p>Infants and health teaching to the public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first Public Health nurse tutor in Nigeria?

    <p>Ann Adeguroye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the first planned home visiting in 1986?

    <p>To care for the neglected children and visit persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the federal government in the healthcare system of Nigeria?

    <p>Coordinating the affairs of University Teaching Hospitals and Federal Medical Centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the political head of the Federal Ministry of Health in Nigeria?

    <p>The Minister of Health and Social Services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of public health nursing in Nigeria?

    <p>To promote health, prevent disease, and prolong life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of local government in the healthcare system of Nigeria?

    <p>Focusing on primary healthcare and dispensaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the concept of essential drugs and expanded programme on immunization introduced in Nigeria?

    <p>August 1989</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the National Primary Healthcare Development Agency (NPHCDA) in Nigeria?

    <p>Regulating primary healthcare and dispensaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of Primary Health Care in terms of ensuring social justice?

    <p>To ensure that essential health services are accessible to all citizens at an affordable cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of being described by the World Health Organization as complete physical, mental, and social well-being?

    <p>Health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main social target of governments and the World Health Organization in the coming decades, as adopted by the 30th World Health Assembly?

    <p>Health for All by the year 2000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gave birth to the concept of Primary Health Care?

    <p>The Health for All strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying principle of the Primary Health Care concept?

    <p>Health care as a social justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Primary Health Care approach?

    <p>Essential health care for all citizens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the Basic Health Services Scheme (BHSS) introduced in 1975 in Nigeria?

    <p>To provide access to quality care for the entire population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the International Conference of PHC held in Alma Alta in 1978?

    <p>It recommended the concept of PHC to be adopted by countries including Nigeria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essence of the Primary Health Care approach according to the text?

    <p>It is people-centered and addresses the majority of a person's health needs throughout their lifetime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the second attempt at evolving a community and people-oriented health system in Nigeria?

    <p>The establishment of 52 model PHC centers in LGAs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental premise of primary health care according to the text?

    <p>All people, everywhere, deserve the right care, right in their community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the National Health Policy of 1988?

    <p>To improve equity in access and utilization of Basic Health Services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of having a referral service in the context of Primary Health Care?

    <p>To support the primary health care unit in coping with problems beyond its scope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA) established in 1992?

    <p>It made basic health care accessible to the grassroots in collaboration with Ward Minimum Health Care Package</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Alma-Ata declaration of 1978 in the context of Primary Health Care?

    <p>It defined Primary Health Care as an essential health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Primary Health Care and the community?

    <p>Primary Health Care is focused on the needs of the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the third attempt at evolving a community and people-oriented health system in Nigeria?

    <p>The establishment of over 500 health centers across the nation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the first level of health care in the context of Primary Health Care?

    <p>Promotion, preventive, curative, rehabilitation, and emergency care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essence of the Primary Health Care approach in relation to the community?

    <p>It is a people-centered approach where the community is fully involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Primary Health Care in terms of health care resource distribution?

    <p>To distribute resources based on the needs of the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 1988 National Health Policy in relation to PHC?

    <p>It adopted PHC as the cornerstone of the Nigerian health system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of accessibility in the context of Primary Health Care?

    <p>It ensures that primary health care is available to everyone, regardless of where they live or work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of Primary Health Care in terms of technology?

    <p>To use technology that is appropriate and relevant to the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of Primary Health Care in terms of health education?

    <p>To educate the community on prevailing health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Primary Health Care in the national health system?

    <p>To have contact with members of the community for providing continuing health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of manpower development in the context of Primary Health Care?

    <p>To develop the skills of healthcare professionals in primary health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of community involvement in health activities?

    <p>To build local self-reliance and gain social control over health infrastructures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of appropriate technology in health care?

    <p>It is scientifically sound, adaptable to local needs, culturally acceptable, and financially feasible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nurses in PHC in relation to patients?

    <p>To assessing, observing, and speaking to patients, recording details, and preparing patients for investigations and treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of public health nursing?

    <p>To protect and improve the health of the people and their communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of involving community in the assessment of health situations?

    <p>The community is motivated to solve their own health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using appropriate technology in health care?

    <p>It makes health services more accessible to the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the disparity in health statistics between urban and rural areas?

    <p>Concentration of health services in cities and towns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of promoting mental health as an element of Primary Health Care?

    <p>To reduce the burden of mental health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of nurses in PHC in relation to the community?

    <p>To educate and empower the community to take control of their health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of community involvement in health activities?

    <p>To empower the community to take control of their health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of traditional medical practitioners and birth attendants in Primary Health Care?

    <p>To influence local practices and promote health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of community-based health care?

    <p>It is based on the principles of PHC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of reorienting health personnel in Primary Health Care?

    <p>To train health workers to perform functions relevant to countries' health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of community participation in Primary Health Care?

    <p>It assumes the responsibility of promoting health and welfare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of community involvement in health planning?

    <p>The community is motivated to solve their own health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of educating and training family members in Primary Health Care?

    <p>It ensures the application of preventive measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of shifting health care services from urban to rural areas in Primary Health Care?

    <p>To increase access to health services in rural areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of inter-sectoral collaboration in Primary Health Care?

    <p>It coordinates the efforts of different sectors for better health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of education and training of health workers in Primary Health Care?

    <p>To enable health workers to perform functions relevant to countries' health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of appropriate technology in Primary Health Care?

    <p>It makes health care services more efficient and effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of public health nurses in terms of improving health outcomes?

    <p>Promoting health and preventing disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the traditional medicine practice in pre-colonial Nigeria?

    <p>Use of locally available materials and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Alma-Ata declaration of 1978 in Nigeria?

    <p>It introduced the concept of primary health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of Issac Ladipo Oluwole in public health services in Nigeria?

    <p>He contributed to the development of public health services, including the establishment of a school of hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the post-colonial era in Nigeria's public health system?

    <p>Expansion of public health services to rural areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of spiritual healers in traditional medicine in Nigeria?

    <p>They have supernatural forces and serve as fortune tellers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the bubonic plague outbreak in Lagos in the early 20th century?

    <p>It caused numerous deaths in unclean communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of health promotions in public health nursing?

    <p>Preventing disease and disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the national health policy adopted in 1987 in Nigeria?

    <p>It focused on increasing accessibility and utilization of health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of traditional birth attendants in Nigeria?

    <p>They assist mothers at childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Federal Ministry of Health in Nigeria?

    <p>Policy development, regulation, stewardship, leadership, and providing tertiary care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of the public health nursing practice in the 1800s to 1900?

    <p>Curative and preventive care under the direction of physicians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the earliest Public Health Nurses in Nigeria?

    <p>Dorcas Young and Late Miss Adebogun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Local Government in healthcare in Nigeria?

    <p>Providing primary healthcare services through dispensaries/Primary Health Care Centres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of the first planned home visiting in 1986?

    <p>Caring for the neglected children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the National Primary Healthcare Development Agency (NPHCDA) in Nigeria?

    <p>To provide support to the Local Government in providing primary healthcare services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significant event in August 1989?

    <p>The introduction of the concept of essential drugs and expanded programme on Immunization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of voluntary agencies in public health nursing?

    <p>Supporting the activities of nurses in improving the health of the society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of public health nursing?

    <p>To promote the health and efficiency of individuals and families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the State Government in healthcare in Nigeria?

    <p>Managing the various General hospitals (secondary healthcare)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implicit in the concept of Primary Health Care?

    <p>Essential health services for all citizens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying concept of 'Health for All'?

    <p>Access to essential health services for all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 30th World Health Assembly in the context of Primary Health Care?

    <p>It adopted the 'Health for All' strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Primary Health Care and social justice?

    <p>Primary Health Care is a means of ensuring social justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the World Health Organization's (WHO) role in the development of Primary Health Care?

    <p>WHO adopted the 'Health for All' strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of the definition of health in the context of Primary Health Care?

    <p>Complete physical, mental, and social well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the concept of PHC being recommended by various health committees in 1946?

    <p>Not mentioned in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the referral services in relation to primary health care?

    <p>To support primary health care units in coping with complex cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate population that the mobile clinics were serving to make quality care accessible to?

    <p>150,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of appropriate technology in primary health care?

    <p>Using locally available supplies and equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In how many Local Government Areas (LGAs) did the second attempt at evolving and sustaining a community and people-oriented health system occur?

    <p>52 LGAs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA) established in 1992?

    <p>To make basic health care accessible to the grassroots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of health education in primary health care?

    <p>To educate patients on prevailing health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of self-reliance and self-determination in primary health care?

    <p>To emphasize the importance of community participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of health care facilities in Nigeria were PHC facilities in 2005?

    <p>85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of primary health care in relation to vulnerable groups?

    <p>To give special attention to mothers and children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of primary health care according to the philosophy of PHC?

    <p>People-centered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the essential health care components of primary health care, according to the World Health Organization?

    <p>At least eight elements, including health education and maternal and child health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of primary health care in relation to the majority of a person's health needs?

    <p>To address the majority of a person's health needs throughout their lifetime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the International Conference of PHC held in Alma Alta in 1978?

    <p>It was jointly held by WHO and UNICEF, where 134 countries were in attendance, including Nigeria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of community involvement in primary health care?

    <p>To ensure that the community is fully involved in planning and delivering healthcare services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the National Health Policy of 1988 in relation to equity in access and utilization of Basic Health Services?

    <p>To improve equity in access and utilization of Basic Health Services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of primary health care in terms of health care resource distribution?

    <p>To ensure that healthcare services are accessible to every individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Alma-Ata declaration of 1978 in the context of primary health care?

    <p>It defined primary health care as a practical approach to making essential health care universally accessible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the Basic Health Services Scheme (BHSS) introduced in 1975?

    <p>To make quality care accessible to the entire population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the first level of health care in primary health care?

    <p>To address the needs and priorities of individuals, families, and communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of promoting mental health as an element of Primary Health Care?

    <p>To improve the overall well-being of individuals and communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the inequality in health care services between urban and rural areas?

    <p>Concentration of health services in cities and towns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of manpower development in the context of Primary Health Care?

    <p>To provide education and training to health workers to address the health needs of the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of community participation in Primary Health Care?

    <p>It assumes the responsibility of promoting health and welfare in the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of education and training in Primary Health Care?

    <p>To educate and train health workers to perform functions relevant to the country's health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of Primary Health Care in terms of ensuring social justice?

    <p>To bridge the gap in health care services between urban and rural areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of family members in Primary Health Care?

    <p>To play a significant role in promoting health and applying preventive measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the principle of equitable distribution in Primary Health Care?

    <p>To ensure that health services are shared equally by all people regardless of their ability to pay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of community-based health care in Primary Health Care?

    <p>To provide health care services at the doorstep of the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of traditional medical practitioners in Primary Health Care?

    <p>They are part of the local communities and exert influence on local practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of community involvement in health activities?

    <p>Building local self-reliance and gaining social control over PHC infrastructures and technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of appropriate technology in healthcare?

    <p>It is scientifically sound, adaptable to local needs, culturally acceptable and financially feasible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nurses in PHC in relation to patients?

    <p>To assess, observe, and speak to patients, record details and symptoms, and prepare patients for investigations and treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of public health nursing?

    <p>To protect and improve the health of the people and their communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of involving community in the assessment of health situations?

    <p>Development of capacity by individuals to appraise a situation, estimate possibilities and determine their own contributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Primary Health Care?

    <p>To build local self-reliance and gain social control over PHC infrastructures and technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of community involvement in health planning?

    <p>To develop the capacity of individuals to appraise a situation, estimate possibilities and determine their own contributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of appropriate technology in healthcare?

    <p>It takes the technology closer to the people, consumers, wherever possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the National Health Policy of 1988?

    <p>To protect and improve the health of the people and their communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of involving community in health planning?

    <p>Building local self-reliance and gaining social control over PHC infrastructures and technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of public health nursing?

    <p>Promoting and protecting the health of populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Alma-Ata declaration of 1978?

    <p>It emphasized the importance of primary health care as a strategy to achieve health for all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of traditional birth attendants in Nigeria?

    <p>Assisting mothers at childbirth based on their skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the bubonic plague outbreak in Lagos in the early 20th century?

    <p>It caused numerous deaths in unclean communities and led to adequate sanitary inspection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of public health services in Nigeria?

    <p>To enable all Nigerians to achieve socially and economically productive lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the year 1925 in the history of public health in Nigeria?

    <p>It was the year Issac Ladipo Oluwole became the first Medical Officer of health in Nigeria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of herbalists in traditional medicine in Nigeria?

    <p>They use mainly herbs to cure diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of community-based health care?

    <p>It emphasizes prevention and health promotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Missionary Agency in the history of public health in Nigeria?

    <p>It established the first health facilities in Lagos and Abeokuta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of spiritual healers in traditional medicine in Nigeria?

    <p>They have supernatural forces and are fortune tellers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Federal Government in healthcare in Nigeria?

    <p>Policy development, regulation, stewardship, leadership and providing for the tertiary care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of public health nursing in the 1970s to present?

    <p>Emphasizing health promotion and illness prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the first Public Health nurse Tutor in Nigeria?

    <p>Ann Adeguroye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of nurses in PHC in relation to the community?

    <p>Educating the community about managing chronic conditions and making a healthy choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of public health nursing?

    <p>To promote the health and efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the introduction of essential drugs and expanded programme on Immunization in 300 hundred LGA in 1989?

    <p>It improved the health care service delivery in Nigeria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the State Government in healthcare in Nigeria?

    <p>Managing the various General hospitals (secondary healthcare)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the first planned home visiting caring for the neglected children and visits to persons start?

    <p>1986</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Local Government in healthcare in Nigeria?

    <p>Focusing on dispensaries/Primary health Care Centres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of community involvement in health planning?

    <p>It ensures the community is involved in the assessment of health situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation behind the adoption of Primary Health Care in Nigeria?

    <p>To ensure social justice and extend healthcare to all citizens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the concept of Primary Health Care?

    <p>The 30th World Health Assembly in 1977</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the Health for All strategy?

    <p>Ensuring access to essential healthcare services for all citizens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of health according to the World Health Organization?

    <p>A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Alma Ata declaration in relation to Primary Health Care?

    <p>It led to the development of the Health for All strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Primary Health Care approach?

    <p>To ensure access to essential healthcare services for all citizens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of health care facilities in Nigeria were classified as PHC facilities in 2005?

    <p>85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the Basic Health Services Scheme (BHSS) introduced in 1975 in Nigeria?

    <p>To make quality care accessible to the entire population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the second attempt at evolving a community and people-oriented health system in Nigeria?

    <p>The implementation of 8 components of PHC in 52 LGAs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental principle of primary health care?

    <p>Health care is a fundamental human right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main objective of the National Health Policy of 1988?

    <p>To improve equity in access and utilization of Basic Health Services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of primary health care?

    <p>Addressing the majority of a person's health needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Ward Minimum Health Care Package (WMHCP)?

    <p>To outline a set of cost-effective health interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the third attempt at evolving a community and people-oriented health system in Nigeria?

    <p>The establishment of the National Primary Health Care Development Agency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA) in Nigeria?

    <p>To make basic health care accessible to the grassroots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essence of primary health care?

    <p>To address the majority of a person's health needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why primary health care requires the support of referral services?

    <p>To cope with problems beyond the scope of peripheral units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of 'appropriateness' in primary health care technology?

    <p>It is relevant and locally available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of health education in primary health care?

    <p>To promote healthy lifestyles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Alma-Ata declaration in primary health care?

    <p>It introduced the concept of primary health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of primary health care?

    <p>To promote health and prevent diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of 'accessibility' in primary health care?

    <p>It is geographically and financially accessible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of primary health care in relation to national health systems?

    <p>To make essential healthcare universally accessible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of community involvement in primary health care?

    <p>It ensures that healthcare services are acceptable and affordable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of primary health care in terms of self-reliance and self-determination?

    <p>It emphasizes community empowerment and self-reliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of primary health care in relation to health promotion?

    <p>To promote healthy lifestyles and prevent diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the inequality in health care services between urban and rural areas?

    <p>Concentration of health care services in urban areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of community participation in primary health care?

    <p>To promote health and welfare of individuals and communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of traditional medical practitioners and birth attendants in primary health care?

    <p>To influence local health practices and traditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of equity in primary health care?

    <p>It ensures that health services are shared equally by all people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of education and training in primary health care?

    <p>To train health workers on performing functions relevant to country's health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of promoting mental health in primary health care?

    <p>To promote overall health and well-being of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of family members in primary health care?

    <p>To provide primary health care services, especially preventive measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of intersectoral collaboration in primary health care?

    <p>To mobilize resources and expertise from different sectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of primary health care in relation to vulnerable groups?

    <p>To bridge the gap in health care services between rural and urban areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of appropriate technology in primary health care?

    <p>To develop technology that is suitable for the local context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of community involvement in health matters?

    <p>Capacity of individuals to appraise and solve their own health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying principle of appropriate technology in healthcare?

    <p>Adapting technology to local needs and culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nurses in PHC in terms of community involvement?

    <p>Motivating the community to learn and solve their own health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of public health nursing?

    <p>Promoting healthy lifestyle and preventing diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of technology that is scientifically sound, adaptable to local needs, and culturally acceptable?

    <p>Appropriate technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of community involvement in primary health care?

    <p>Capacity of individuals to solve their own health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of nurses in PHC in terms of patients?

    <p>Empowering and supporting patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of community-based health care in primary health care?

    <p>Taking healthcare services closer to the people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of healthcare technology that is easily understood and applicable by the community?

    <p>Appropriate technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of public health nursing?

    <p>Community health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of public health nursing in relation to the population?

    <p>Preventing disease and disability by creating conditions where people can be healthy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Alma-Ata declaration of 1978 in the context of Nigeria's public health system?

    <p>It led to the adoption of the Basic Health Services Scheme in 1975</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of traditional healers that specializes in cutting tribal marks and performing male and female circumcision?

    <p>Traditional Surgeons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the bubonic plague outbreak in Lagos in the early 20th century?

    <p>It caused numerous deaths in unclean communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the State Health Services in Nigeria?

    <p>To provide access to primary, secondary, and tertiary health care through a functional referral system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of traditional medicine in Nigeria's Pre-colonial era?

    <p>It made use of locally available materials and resources to treat health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the government in public health nursing?

    <p>To focus on disease prevention and health promotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Issac Ladipo Oluwole in public health services in Nigeria?

    <p>He was the first Medical Officer of health in Nigeria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Post-colonial era in Nigeria's public health system?

    <p>To provide access to primary, secondary, and tertiary health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of public health nursing in relation to disease prevention?

    <p>It focuses on preventing disease and disability by creating conditions where people can be healthy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of public health nurses in 1970 to present?

    <p>Health promotion and illness prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first Public Health nurse tutor in Nigeria?

    <p>Ann Adeguroye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Federal Government in the healthcare system of Nigeria?

    <p>Coordinating university teaching hospitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the essential drugs and expanded programme on Immunization introduced in 1989?

    <p>To improve access to essential health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Local Government in healthcare in Nigeria?

    <p>Focusing on dispensaries and primary health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the political head of the Federal Ministry of Health in Nigeria?

    <p>The Minister of Health and Social Services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of public health nursing in 1990 to 1970?

    <p>Infant and health teaching to the public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of voluntary agencies in public health nursing?

    <p>Supporting the activities of public health nurses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of public health nursing?

    <p>To promote health and efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the concept of essential drugs and expanded programme on Immunization introduced in Nigeria?

    <p>1989</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the institution of health care at the teaching hospital, federal medical centers, and specialist hospitals?

    <p>They have a large number of specialists and research facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the director in the directorate of the federal ministry of health?

    <p>To oversee the day-to-day running of the directorate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the directorate of nursing in the federal ministry of health?

    <p>To oversee the training of nurses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the federal ministry of health in the organization of health services in Nigeria?

    <p>To formulate national health policies and provide funds for manpower training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organizational structure of the directorate of nursing in the federal ministry of health?

    <p>A vertical structure with various levels of nursing officers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 1991 civil service reforms in the organization of health services in Nigeria?

    <p>It led to the renaming of the divisions within the federal ministry of health and state ministries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which level of healthcare services in Nigeria are patients referred from primary health care facilities to hospitals?

    <p>Secondary level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the head of the health team at the local government primary health care level?

    <p>Medical Officer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the State Ministry of Health in relation to private and mission hospitals and clinics?

    <p>To set standards for them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Health Management Board (HMB) established by the State Ministry of Health?

    <p>To provide effective management and facilities for secondary care institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary level of healthcare services in Nigeria?

    <p>Primary level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Commissioner of Health in the State Ministry of Health?

    <p>To be the political head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the State Ministry of Health in relation to federal health policies?

    <p>To translate and execute them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the local government in healthcare services in Nigeria?

    <p>To organize primary health care facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the services provided by secondary health care level in Nigeria?

    <p>Mainly curative and rehabilitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for the day-to-day organization of primary health care programmes at the local government level?

    <p>The health team</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of local government in primary health care services?

    <p>To manage and render primary health care services to the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who heads the primary health care department in a local government area where there is no doctor?

    <p>An experienced community health officer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Village Development Committee (VDC)?

    <p>To identify health and social needs of the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Health Facility Development Committee (HFDC)?

    <p>To manage the financial resources of primary health care centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for organizing fund-raising activities in a district?

    <p>The District Development Committee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Local Government PHC Development Committee?

    <p>To oversee the development of primary health care services in the local government area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the political head of the health facility in a local government area?

    <p>The Area Councillor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Community Health Officer in a local government area?

    <p>To head the primary health care department in the absence of a doctor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Supervisory Council for Health in a local government area?

    <p>To oversee the development of primary health care services in the local government area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Definition of Public Health Nursing

    • Public health nursing is the practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations using knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences.
    • It is a population-focused community nursing practice with the goal of preventing disease and disability by creating conditions where people can be healthy.

    Historical Perspectives of Public Health in Nigeria

    • Pre-colonial era: Traditional medicine was used, and various categories of traditional healers emerged, including herbalists, traditional birth attendants, traditional surgeons, and spiritual healers.
    • Colonial era: Missionary agencies established health facilities in Lagos and Abeokuta, and government-organized healthcare facilities were established in Calabar.
    • Post-colonial era: The Basic Health Services Scheme was introduced in 1975, and the national health policy was adopted in 1987, aiming to achieve "Health for All".

    Concept of Primary Health Care (PHC)

    • PHC is a process of ensuring social justice, aiming to make essential health services accessible to all citizens, regardless of their ability to pay.
    • The concept of PHC was born at the 30th World Health Assembly in 1977, with the goal of achieving "Health for All" by the year 2000.

    Principles of Primary Health Care

    • Equitable distribution: Health services must be shared equally by all people, regardless of their ability to pay.
    • Manpower development: Education and training of health workers to perform functions relevant to countries' health problems.
    • Community participation: Individuals, families, and communities assume responsibility for promoting their own health and welfare.
    • Appropriate technology: Technology must be scientifically sound, adaptable to local needs, culturally acceptable, and financially feasible.
    • Inter-sectoral collaboration: Collaboration between health and other sectors, such as education, agriculture, and industry.

    Roles of Nurses in PHC

    • Assessing, observing, and speaking to patients
    • Recording details and symptoms of patients' medical history
    • Preparing patients for investigations and treatment
    • Administering drugs and treatment, monitoring patients for side effects
    • Patient advocacy and education
    • Empowering and supporting patients
    • Securing health services relevant to community and population needs### Definition and Overview of Primary Health Care (PHC)
    • PHC is essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation at a cost the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development.
    • Focuses on needs and priorities of individuals, families, and communities, including health promotion, disease prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care.

    Key Characteristics of PHC

    • Accessibility: Continuing organized supply of care that is geographically, financially, culturally, and socially acceptable to the whole community.
    • Acceptability: Care that is appropriate and adequate in quality and quantity to satisfy the health needs of people, provided by methods that are okay with them within their socio-cultural norms.
    • Affordability: Services should be affordable by the community and people, regardless of the methods of payment used.
    • Appropriate Technology: Using relevant methods, techniques, and locally available supplies and equipment that contribute significantly to solving health problems.

    Aims and Objectives of PHC

    • Make health services accessible and available to everyone, wherever they live or work.
    • Tackle health problems causing the highest mortality and morbidity at a cost the community can afford.
    • Ensure that whatever technology is used, it must be within the reach of the community to use effectively and maintain.
    • Ensure the community is fully involved in planning, delivery, and evaluation of self-reliance.

    Components of PHC

    • Essential health care consisting of at least eight elements:
      • Health education on prevailing health problems
      • Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition
      • Adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation
      • Maternal and Child Health Services
      • Immunization against major communicable diseases
      • Prevention and control of locally endemic and epidemic diseases

    History of PHC

    • Concept evolved from the Alma-Ata declaration in 1978
    • PHC was adopted by the Federal Ministry of Health in Nigeria
    • Aim was to provide essential health services to all citizens, anywhere they live or work, at a cost they can afford.

    Organization and Scope of PHC Services

    • Healthcare service system in Nigeria is controlled by three tiers of government: federal, state, and local government
    • Each tier has important roles to play in the organization of health services in Nigeria
    • Federal government is primarily responsible for policy development, regulation, stewardship, leadership, and providing for tertiary care through the Federal Ministry of Health.

    Brief History of Public Health Nursing

    • Public health nursing started in the early 1980s
    • First Public Health nurse tutor was Ann Adeguroye, who graduated in 1960 and wrote a book in "Community Health Care" published in 1983.

    Purpose of Public Health Nursing

    • Promote the health and efficiency of individuals and families
    • Prevent and control disease and disabilities
    • Prolong life by providing needs-based care to individuals and families
    • Provide comprehensive healthcare services to the population
    • Educate the community about managing chronic conditions and making healthy choices
    • Conduct research to improve healthcare.### Primary Health Care (PHC)
    • Definition: Essential healthcare based on practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods and technology, made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community.
    • Focuses on health promotion, disease prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care.

    Key Characteristics of PHC

    • Accessibility: Geographically, financially, culturally, and socially accessible to the whole community.
    • Acceptability: Appropriate and adequate in quality and quantity to satisfy the health needs of people.
    • Affordability: Services should be affordable by the community and people.
    • Appropriate Technology: Scientifically sound, adaptable to local needs, culturally acceptable, and financially feasible.

    Aims and Objectives of PHC

    • Make health services accessible and available to everyone.
    • Tackle health problems causing high mortality and morbidity at an affordable cost.
    • Ensure community involvement in planning, implementation, and evaluation of health services.

    Components of PHC

    • Essential healthcare consisting of at least eight elements:
      • Health education on prevailing health problems
      • Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition
      • Adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation
      • Maternal and Child health Services
      • Immunization against major communicable diseases
      • Prevention and control of locally endemic and epidemic diseases
      • Involvement of community in health matters

    Roles of Nurses in PHC

    • Assessing, observing, and speaking to patients
    • Recording details and symptoms of patients' medical history and current health
    • Preparing patients for investigations and treatment
    • Administering drugs and treatment, monitoring patients for side effects
    • Patient advocacy and education

    Principles of Primary Health Care

    • Equitable Distribution: Health services must be shared equally by all people, regardless of ability to pay.
    • Manpower Development: Mobilizing human potential by making use of all available resources.
    • Community Participation: Individuals, families, and communities assume responsibility for promoting their own health and welfare.
    • Appropriate Technology: Scientifically sound, adaptable to local needs, culturally acceptable, and financially feasible.
    • Inter-Sectoral Collaboration: Collaboration between government and local communities in planning and implementation of health activities.

    Public Health Nursing

    • Definition: The science of protecting and improving the health of people and their communities.
    • Focuses on promoting healthy lifestyles, researching causes of diseases, injury prevention, detecting and responding to infectious diseases, and providing essential drugs and supplies.

    Organization and Scope of PHC Services

    • Healthcare service system in Nigeria is controlled by the three tiers of government: federal, state, and local government.
    • Each tier has important roles to play in the organization of health services.
    • The federal government coordinates University Teaching hospitals, Federal Medical Centers (tertiary healthcare).
    • State Government manages General hospitals (secondary healthcare).
    • Local Government focuses on dispensaries/Primary health Care Centres.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of Primary Health Care (PHC) in Nigeria, its definition, and importance in the health care system. Learn how the Federal Ministry of Health adopted a new health system inspired by the World Health Organization's Alma Ata declaration. Evaluate your knowledge of PHC and its significance in Nigeria.

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