Preventing Viral Replication

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What is the primary way that a host cell can recognize the presence of a virus?

Recognizing the microbe-associated immunostimulants on the surface of the virus

Measuring the size of the virus

Identifying the virus's surface proteins

Detecting unusual elements of the viral genome, such as double-stranded RNA (correct)

What is the role of the enzyme Dicer in the response to viral infection?

To synthesize double-stranded RNA

To degrade double-stranded RNA into small fragments (correct)

To bind to single-stranded RNA

To translate viral RNA into protein

What is the outcome of the binding of double-stranded RNA fragments to single-stranded RNA in the host cell?

The formation of a double-stranded RNA complex

The activation of innate immune responses

The synthesis of new viral proteins

The destruction of the single-stranded RNA (correct)

What are the two cytokines produced and secreted by the host cell in response to viral infection?

Interferon-a and interferon-b Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the double-stranded RNA fragments produced by the enzyme Dicer?

About 21-25 nucleotide pairs Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the program of intracellular responses to eliminate viral RNA?

The degradation of double-stranded RNA into small fragments Signup and view all the answers

Why are mammalian cells particularly adept at recognizing the presence of double-stranded RNA?

Because they have a highly effective innate immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of interferons on protein synthesis in the host cell?

It shuts down most protein synthesis by phosphorylating and inactivating eIF-2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the host cell's self-destruction by apoptosis?

To prevent the virus from replicating Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the protein encoded by the influenza virus?

To block the recognition of dsRNA by Dicer Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of natural killer cells in the innate immune system?

To recognize and eliminate infected cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of some viruses on host cell apoptosis?

They inhibit apoptosis, which can have the side-effect of promoting cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when the host cell's measures to inhibit viral replication fail?

The cell takes the extreme step of killing itself by apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of interferons on viral RNA?

They non-specifically degrade ssRNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the common mechanism of killing infected target cells by NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

Inducing apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of dendritic cells in the innate immune system?

To recognize and phagocytose invading pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of dendritic cells cleaving pathogen proteins into peptide fragments?

The fragments bind to MHC proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which NK cells and cytotoxic T cells destroy virus-infected cells?

By inducing apoptosis in the infected cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the location where activated dendritic cells activate T cells?

In a nearby lymphoid organ Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of co-stimulatory proteins displayed on activated dendritic cells?

To activate T cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell surface proteins do NK cells and cytotoxic T cells recognize to detect virus-infected cells?

Class I MHC proteins Signup and view all the answers

How do cytotoxic T cells recognize virus-infected cells?

By recognizing peptide fragments of viral proteins bound to class I MHC proteins Signup and view all the answers

What do cytokines secreted by activated dendritic cells influence?

The type of response made by T cells Signup and view all the answers

Why do many viruses inhibit the expression of class I MHC proteins on the surface of infected cells?

To avoid detection by cytotoxic T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the interaction between activated dendritic cells and T cells?

The T cells are activated to fight the pathogen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses encodes proteins that block class I MHC gene transcription?

Adenovirus and HIV Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of MHC proteins in the process of antigen presentation?

To carry peptide fragments to the cell surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between how cytotoxic T cells and NK cells recognize virus-infected cells?

Cytotoxic T cells recognize peptide fragments of viral proteins, while NK cells recognize the level of class I MHC proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the link between the innate and adaptive immune systems provided by?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of NK cells selectively killing host cells that express low levels of class I MHC proteins?

The virus-infected cells and some cancer cells are selectively eliminated Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pattern recognition receptors on dendritic cells?

To recognize and phagocytose invading pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the co-stimulatory proteins displayed on activated dendritic cells?

To activate T cells of the adaptive immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the interaction between dendritic cells and pathogens?

The dendritic cells are activated and phagocytose the pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of MHC proteins in the process of antigen presentation?

To carry the peptide fragments to the cell surface Signup and view all the answers

Where do activated dendritic cells activate T cells?

In the lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the activation of T cells by dendritic cells?

The T cells are activated and join the battle against the specific invader Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytokines secreted by activated dendritic cells?

To influence the type of response that the T cells make Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which dendritic cells recognize and respond to pathogens?

Through the recognition of pattern recognition receptors and the activation of T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the link between the innate and adaptive immune systems provided by?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the battle between the host and the pathogen?

The outcome depends on the specific pathogen and the host's immune response Signup and view all the answers

Preventing Viral Replication

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary way that a host cell can recognize the presence of a virus?

What is the role of the enzyme Dicer in the response to viral infection?

What is the outcome of the binding of double-stranded RNA fragments to single-stranded RNA in the host cell?

What are the two cytokines produced and secreted by the host cell in response to viral infection?

What is the length of the double-stranded RNA fragments produced by the enzyme Dicer?

What is the first step in the program of intracellular responses to eliminate viral RNA?

Why are mammalian cells particularly adept at recognizing the presence of double-stranded RNA?

What is the effect of interferons on protein synthesis in the host cell?

What is the purpose of the host cell's self-destruction by apoptosis?

What is the function of the protein encoded by the influenza virus?

What is the role of natural killer cells in the innate immune system?

What is the effect of some viruses on host cell apoptosis?

What is the outcome when the host cell's measures to inhibit viral replication fail?

What is the effect of interferons on viral RNA?

What is the common mechanism of killing infected target cells by NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

What is the primary function of dendritic cells in the innate immune system?

What is the result of dendritic cells cleaving pathogen proteins into peptide fragments?

What is the mechanism by which NK cells and cytotoxic T cells destroy virus-infected cells?

What is the location where activated dendritic cells activate T cells?

What is the role of co-stimulatory proteins displayed on activated dendritic cells?

What type of cell surface proteins do NK cells and cytotoxic T cells recognize to detect virus-infected cells?

How do cytotoxic T cells recognize virus-infected cells?

What do cytokines secreted by activated dendritic cells influence?

Why do many viruses inhibit the expression of class I MHC proteins on the surface of infected cells?

What is the outcome of the interaction between activated dendritic cells and T cells?

Which of the following viruses encodes proteins that block class I MHC gene transcription?

What is the role of MHC proteins in the process of antigen presentation?

What is the main difference between how cytotoxic T cells and NK cells recognize virus-infected cells?

What is the link between the innate and adaptive immune systems provided by?

What is the outcome of NK cells selectively killing host cells that express low levels of class I MHC proteins?

What is the primary function of pattern recognition receptors on dendritic cells?

What is the purpose of the co-stimulatory proteins displayed on activated dendritic cells?

What is the outcome of the interaction between dendritic cells and pathogens?

What is the role of MHC proteins in the process of antigen presentation?

Where do activated dendritic cells activate T cells?

What is the outcome of the activation of T cells by dendritic cells?

What is the role of cytokines secreted by activated dendritic cells?

What is the mechanism by which dendritic cells recognize and respond to pathogens?

What is the link between the innate and adaptive immune systems provided by?

What is the outcome of the battle between the host and the pathogen?

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