Prejudice and Discrimination in Society
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Prejudice and Discrimination in Society

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Questions and Answers

What emotion is predominantly felt when a group perceives an economic threat from another group?

  • Joy
  • Surprise
  • Anger (correct)
  • Confusion

    • What does egalitarianism emphasize?

  • Competition and rivalry among individuals
  • Maximizing individual gains over group welfare
  • Hierarchical structures in society
  • Equal opportunity and treatment for all people (correct)

    • How can implicit prejudices be most accurately assessed?

  • Using implicit cognition measures (correct)
  • Through direct questioning
  • Via self-report surveys
  • By observing public behavior

    • What is response amplification in the context of stigmatized individuals?

    <p>Exaggerated emotional reactions towards stigmatized individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes individuals with modern-symbolic prejudice?

    <p>They hold prejudices without being fully aware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ambivalent prejudice involve?

    <p>Mixed feelings about different groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the bogus pipeline technique suggest about honesty in reporting attitudes?

    <p>People avoid lying when they think they will be caught</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sexism views women and men as adversaries?

    <p>Hostile sexism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feelings are typically associated with discomfort in interactions between different groups?

    <p>Concerns about rejection or ridicule from either ingroup or outgroup members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is intrinsic religious orientation primarily concerned with avoiding?

    <p>Prejudice against outgroup members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does empathy have on people's views towards members of other groups?

    <p>It tends to lessen prejudice by creating feelings of similarity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes aversive racism theory?

    <p>Discomfort leading to avoidance of interactions with outgroup members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of research regarding empathy and prejudice?

    <p>The perspective-taking component of empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does individualism emphasize in terms of interpersonal relationships?

    <p>Self-reliance and independence from others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concerns lead individuals to avoid interactions with outgroup members?

    <p>Fear of embarrassment and potential ridicule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extrinsic religious orientation is used mainly for what purpose?

    <p>To attain non-religious goals like security and social contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the process of joining a group that a person trusts?

    <p>Gradual attendance at innocuous family events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of blatant discrimination?

    <p>Easily documented and intentional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes micro-aggressions?

    <p>Small-scale behaviors that demean social groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically influences the relationship between prejudice and discrimination?

    <p>A personal belief that prejudice is wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is accurate regarding personal stereotypes?

    <p>Content may differ from social stereotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a person choose to leave a hate group?

    <p>Disenchantment with the group itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best captures the essence of subtle discrimination?

    <p>It can be both active and passive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with high prejudice are likely to discriminate against outgroup members who fit what criteria?

    <p>They align with personal stereotypes of the group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reason why white applicants tend to have advantages in job hiring processes?

    <p>They are more likely to receive positive ratings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to minority managers being stuck at lower organizational levels?

    <p>They are often in roles with fewer promotion opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the stereotype fit hypothesis, which characteristic is associated with effective managers?

    <p>Traits linked to male stereotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about the relation between gender and job performance ratings?

    <p>Overall, gender is not related to job performance ratings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological process can lead to discrimination in workplace settings?

    <p>Stereotype fit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might women be less likely to be hired as managers according to the stereotype fit hypothesis?

    <p>Their characteristics are seen as less aligned with those of effective managers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors contribute to self categorization?

    <p>Feelings of distinctiveness, need for certainty, and choosing one’s identities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does having less influential mentors have on minority managers?

    <p>It limits their advancement opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cultural stereotypes affect perceptions of who fits the role of a manager?

    <p>They often align managerial traits with masculine characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is national identity defined?

    <p>The extent to which one identifies with one's country</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the relationship between national identity and prejudice?

    <p>Ethnic versus civic view of national identity and group narcissism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is relative deprivation theory primarily concerned with?

    <p>People feeling victimized despite objective good conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does distributive justice reflect?

    <p>The extent to which rewards are allocated by a fair process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does procedural justice refer to?

    <p>The fairness of the processes used to allocate rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can relative gratification lead to?

    <p>A sense of entitlement and superiority over others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to happen when both distributive and procedural justice are perceived as low?

    <p>Increased resentment and dissatisfaction with the situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prejudice and Discrimination

    • Prejudice: feelings of discomfort experienced when interacting or anticipating interaction with members of other groups.
    • Concerns about prejudice:
      • Ridicule from ingroup members for associating with outgroup members.
      • Uncertainty about proper interaction with outgroup members.
      • Fear of being perceived as prejudiced by outgroup members.
    • Negative consequences of prejudice: Avoidance of outgroup members, hostility towards the outgroup, rejection or ridicule from both ingroup and outgroup members, potential embarrassment from social blunders, and concerns about appearing prejudiced.
    • Values: beliefs held about the importance of goals and desired outcomes, influencing actions and decisions.
    • Extrinsic religious orientation: Using religion for non-religious goals like security, social interactions, or self-justification.
    • Intrinsic religious orientation: Believing in and living by religious teachings, often motivated to avoid appearing prejudiced.
    • Individualism: Emphasis on self-reliance and independence from others.
    • Aversive racism theory: People with aversive racism hold egalitarian beliefs but subconsciously harbor negative feelings toward minority groups.
    • Pro-minority bias resulting from aversive prejudice: People try to avoid appearing prejudiced, which can lead to subtle bias favoring minority groups.
    • Empathy: Reduces prejudice by promoting feelings of similarity with members of other groups, leading to the association of positive self-views with others.
    • Perspective-taking: Adopting the other person's psychological viewpoint, a key component of empathy that research has focused on.
    • Economic threat: Elicits emotions like anger, fear, and disgust, increasing prejudice towards the perceived threat.
    • Modern-symbolic prejudice: Reflects subtle, disguised prejudice disguised as support for traditional values.
    • Egalitarianism: A value system emphasizing equal opportunity, equal treatment for all, and concern for others' well-being.
    • Implicit prejudice: Prejudices people are unaware of holding, activated automatically, difficult to control, and measured using implicit cognition measures.
    • Response amplification: Exaggerated responses to stigmatized individuals, often rooted in subconscious biases.
    • Ambivalent prejudice: Holding mixed feelings (both positive and negative) towards other groups.
    • Unprejudiced individuals: Characterized by low levels of prejudice, high levels of egalitarianism, and a strong commitment to principles of fairness and equality.
    • Bogus pipeline technique: A method for assessing attitudes by convincing individuals that their true beliefs are being detected, reducing social desirability bias.
    • Hostile sexism: Belief that women and men are opponents in a battle for power, reflecting traditional gender roles and dominance.
    • Benevolent sexism: Appearing positive but still reinforces traditional gender roles, ultimately limiting women's opportunities.
    • Old-fashioned prejudice: Explicit, outward expressions of prejudice, often based on blatant discrimination and the endorsement of traditional racist beliefs.

    Prejudice and Discrimination in Social Settings

    • Two categories of values related to prejudice: Individualism and egalitarianism.
    • Self-categorization: A process of identifying with a group, often linked to feelings of distinctiveness, need for certainty, and choosing one's identity.
    • National identity: The extent to which someone identifies with their country, influencing the relationship between national identity and prejudice. This relationship is shaped by an ethnic versus civic view of national identity and group narcissism.
    • Group narcissism: Belief in the superiority of one's country coupled with denial of its negative aspects.
    • Relative deprivation theory: Individuals or groups that perceive themselves as lacking resources, despite objective success, may attribute this to perceived injustice.
    • Distributive justice: The perceived fairness of how rewards are allocated based on deservingness.
    • Procedural justice: The perceived fairness of the rules used to allocate rewards.
    • Negative emotions arising from perceived injustice: Resentment and dissatisfaction increase when individuals perceive both distributive and procedural justice to be low.
    • Relative gratification: Satisfaction derived from the belief that one's ingroup is better off than others.
    • Group membership instability: Hate group membership is often unstable due to factors like disencantment with the group and relationships outside the group.

    Forms of Discrimination

    • Blatant discrimination: Unequal and harmful treatment that is intentional, visible, and easily documented.
    • Subtle discrimination: Unequal and harmful treatment that is less visible and easily documented, often normalized and perceived as customary.
    • Micro-aggressions: Everyday behaviors that demean social groups or individuals from those groups, whether verbal or nonverbal.
    • Motivation to control prejudice: Reflects internalized beliefs about the wrongfulness of prejudice, a desire to comply with social expectations, and an avoidance of confrontations over prejudiced views.
    • Personal stereotypes: Individualized beliefs about groups that may overlap with social stereotypes but contain unique elements. They can influence discriminatory behavior towards outgroup members who fit the personal stereotype.
    • Employment discrimination: White applicants are consistently more likely to receive job interviews, positive interview ratings, and job offers.
    • Racial/ethnic differences in promotion: Minority managers often face obstacles to career advancement, including supervising predominantly minority employees at lower levels, being tracked in jobs with limited promotion opportunities, having fewer influential mentors, and receiving less favorable performance reviews.
    • Psychological processes leading to discrimination:
      • Stereotype fit: Matching characteristics with perceived stereotypes of different roles.
      • Shifting standards: Judgments based on different standards for different groups.
      • Contemporary prejudice: Expressing prejudice in a socially acceptable way.
      • Conformity to perceived norms: Following perceived social norms that reinforce prejudice and discrimination.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of prejudice and discrimination, examining the feelings, concerns, and negative consequences associated with these social issues. It also considers the influence of values and religious orientations on attitudes towards outgroup members. Test your understanding of these critical social dynamics.

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