Podcast
Questions and Answers
At what interval should antenatal visits occur between 28th and 36th weeks of gestation?
At what interval should antenatal visits occur between 28th and 36th weeks of gestation?
What is the expected weight gain during the first trimester for a pregnant woman?
What is the expected weight gain during the first trimester for a pregnant woman?
Which of the following is NOT considered a danger sign during pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT considered a danger sign during pregnancy?
When can the fetal heart rate typically be heard with a Doppler stethoscope?
When can the fetal heart rate typically be heard with a Doppler stethoscope?
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What is considered a positive sign of pregnancy?
What is considered a positive sign of pregnancy?
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What is the initial event that marks the beginning of pregnancy?
What is the initial event that marks the beginning of pregnancy?
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When does implantation of the blastocyst typically begin?
When does implantation of the blastocyst typically begin?
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What function does the placenta serve regarding respiratory needs for the fetus?
What function does the placenta serve regarding respiratory needs for the fetus?
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Which substance is primarily excreted from the fetus through the placenta?
Which substance is primarily excreted from the fetus through the placenta?
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At what stage is the placenta completely formed and functional?
At what stage is the placenta completely formed and functional?
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What role does human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) play during pregnancy?
What role does human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) play during pregnancy?
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What are the dimensions of the placenta at term?
What are the dimensions of the placenta at term?
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Which of the following substances can cross the placental barrier?
Which of the following substances can cross the placental barrier?
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What is the term used for the brownish pigmentation of the face during pregnancy?
What is the term used for the brownish pigmentation of the face during pregnancy?
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Which sign indicates the softening of the cervix during pregnancy?
Which sign indicates the softening of the cervix during pregnancy?
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What is considered a sign of pregnancy that involves the first perception of fetal movements?
What is considered a sign of pregnancy that involves the first perception of fetal movements?
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Which of the following is part of the elements of antenatal care?
Which of the following is part of the elements of antenatal care?
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What common symptom is characterized by increased saliva production during pregnancy?
What common symptom is characterized by increased saliva production during pregnancy?
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Which sign shows a bluish discoloration of the cervix, vagina, and labia due to vascular congestion during pregnancy?
Which sign shows a bluish discoloration of the cervix, vagina, and labia due to vascular congestion during pregnancy?
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What is the purpose of regular antenatal care visits?
What is the purpose of regular antenatal care visits?
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At what point in pregnancy is Hegar's sign typically detected?
At what point in pregnancy is Hegar's sign typically detected?
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What is the normal volume of amniotic fluid during pregnancy?
What is the normal volume of amniotic fluid during pregnancy?
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Which condition is characterized by having more than 1500 ml of amniotic fluid?
Which condition is characterized by having more than 1500 ml of amniotic fluid?
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What does the term 'gravida' refer to?
What does the term 'gravida' refer to?
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Which description fits the term 'Prima gravida'?
Which description fits the term 'Prima gravida'?
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What does 'Nagele's rule' help estimate?
What does 'Nagele's rule' help estimate?
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What appearance does the fetal surface of the placenta have due to the amnion?
What appearance does the fetal surface of the placenta have due to the amnion?
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What is the significance of the term 'Stillbirth'?
What is the significance of the term 'Stillbirth'?
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What is the appearance of striae gravidarum during pregnancy?
What is the appearance of striae gravidarum during pregnancy?
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Flashcards
Fertilization
Fertilization
The process where a sperm cell and an egg cell unite in the fallopian tube, marking the beginning of a pregnancy.
Implantation
Implantation
The implantation of the fertilized egg (blastocyst) into the lining of the uterus.
Placenta
Placenta
The organ that connects the developing fetus to the mother's uterus, facilitating nutrient exchange and waste removal.
Placenta: Respiration
Placenta: Respiration
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Placenta: Nutrition
Placenta: Nutrition
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Placenta: Storage
Placenta: Storage
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Placenta: Excretion
Placenta: Excretion
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Placenta: Protection
Placenta: Protection
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Chloasma (Mask of Pregnancy)
Chloasma (Mask of Pregnancy)
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Braxton Hicks Contractions
Braxton Hicks Contractions
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Hegar's Sign
Hegar's Sign
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Goodell's Sign
Goodell's Sign
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Chadwick's Sign
Chadwick's Sign
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Palmer's Sign
Palmer's Sign
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Leucorrhea
Leucorrhea
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Quickening
Quickening
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Amniotic Fluid Volume
Amniotic Fluid Volume
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Polyhydramnios
Polyhydramnios
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Oligohydramnios
Oligohydramnios
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Pregnancy Length
Pregnancy Length
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Antenatal
Antenatal
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Primigravida
Primigravida
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Multigravida
Multigravida
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Nuligravida
Nuligravida
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Antenatal Visits Schedule
Antenatal Visits Schedule
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Weight Gain During Pregnancy
Weight Gain During Pregnancy
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Tetanus Immunization During Pregnancy
Tetanus Immunization During Pregnancy
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Danger Signs During Pregnancy
Danger Signs During Pregnancy
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Presumptive Signs of Pregnancy
Presumptive Signs of Pregnancy
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Study Notes
Normal Pregnancy
- Supervised by Dr. Hoda Albendary
Group of the Presentation
- Group A: Nada El-Saeed AbdelMurdi, Salsabel Mohamed, Souad Reda Fouad, Salma Essam, Amera Fahem, Sara Gharbia, Dina Nofal, Rawda Mahmoud, Sanaa Elsabhy, Hager Mohamed, Shireen Mohamed, Soaad Zahra, Rufaida Hani
- Group B: Mariam Mohamed Aamer, Mariam Abozaid, Maisa Tharwat, Rahma Khaled, Hager Radwan, Yomna Naeem
Conception and Fetal Development
- Fertilization: Union of sperm and ovum in the fallopian tube
- Sex Determination: Determined at fertilization
- Implantation: Blastocyst penetrates the endometrium
- Implantation Time: Begins around 6th/7th day, complete by 11th day after fertilization
- Placental Development: Fully formed and functioning by 10-12 weeks after fertilization
Functions of the Mature Placenta
- Respiration: Fetus obtains oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide
- Nutrition: Nutrients from mother's diet (broken down into simpler forms)
- Storage: Stores glucose as glycogen, iron, fats, and soluble vitamins.
- Excretion: Removes carbon dioxide, bilirubin, and small amounts of urea/uric acid.
Protection
- Limited barrier to infection
- Rubella virus and some drugs can cross
- Antibodies transferred from mother giving immunity to the infant for the first 3 months
Endocrine Function
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is the basis for pregnancy tests
- Stimulates the growth and activity of the corpus luteum
Placenta at Term
- Round flat mass, approximately 20cm in diameter and 2.5cm thick at its center
- Weighs one-sixth of the infant's weight at term
- Maternal Surface: Dark red in color
- Fetal Surface: White, shiny appearance due to the amnion covering it
Origin Fetal: Amniotic Fluid
- Secreted by the amnion covering the placenta and umbilical cord
- Fluid exuded from fetal vessels in the placenta
- Fetal urine contributes to volume from the 10th week of pregnancy
Origin Maternal: Amniotic Fluid
- Fluid exudate from maternal vessels in the decidua
- Normal volume: 500-1500 ml
- Polyhydramnios: Amniotic fluid > 1500 ml
- Oligohydramnios: Amniotic fluid < 500 ml
Pregnancy
- Period between conception and delivery of the products of conception
- Usual duration: 280 days (40 ± 2) weeks
Physiological Changes During Pregnancy - Definitions
- Ante: Before
- Natal: Delivery
- Antenatal: Before delivery
- Antenatal care: Comprehensive health supervision of a pregnant woman before delivery
- Prenatal: Time before delivery
- Gravida: Any pregnancy, including the current pregnancy
Para and Other Terms
- Para: Number of births after 20 weeks' gestation (live or dead)
- Primigravida: Woman pregnant for the first time
- Multigravida: Woman in second or subsequent pregnancy
- Nuligravida: Woman who has not given birth at more than 20 weeks' gestation
- Multipara: Woman who has given birth two or more times at more than 20 weeks' gestation
- Stillbirth: A fetus born dead after 20 weeks' gestation
Other Pregnancy Characteristics
- LMP: Last menstrual period
- EDC/EDD: Estimated date of confinement/delivery
- Nagele's rule: A rough estimate for EDC
- Linea nigra: Dark line from umbilicus to symphysis pubis; hormone-induced pigmentation
- Striae gravidarum: Stretch marks
- Chloasma: Brownish pigmentation of the face (mask of pregnancy)
- Braxton Hicks contractions: Irregular, mild, painless uterine contractions
Other Signs & Symptoms
- Hegar's sign: Softening of lower uterine segment (2nd-3rd month)
- Goodell's sign: Softening of cervix, uterus, and vagina
- Chadwick's sign: Bluish discoloration of cervix, vagina, and labia
- Palmer sign: Intermittent uterine contractions (early pregnancy)
- Leucorrhea: Colorless vaginal discharge
- Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation
- Quickening: First feeling of fetal movement
- Ptyalism: Increased saliva
- Ballottement: Fetal movement in the amniotic fluid
Diagnosis of Pregnancy
- Based on several factors:
- Pregnancy signs and symptoms
- Probable evidence (e.g., Hagar's sign, Goodell's sign)
- Positive evidence (e.g., positive pregnancy test)
Presumptive Signs
- Amenorrhea
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fatigue
- Urinary frequency
- Breast and skin changes
- Quickening
Positive Signs
- Visualization of fetal sac by ultrasound
- Hearing fetal heart sounds
- Feeling fetal movement
- Palpable fetal parts
Hearing of Fetal Heart Rate
- Usually heard between 16th-20th week (fetoscope) & 10th-12th week (Doppler)
- Ultrasonography confirms fetal outline
- Ultrasonography can show the gestational sac as early as the 5th week
Significance of Prenatal Care
- Reduce maternal and prenatal mortality and morbidity
- Improve physical and mental health of women and children
- Prepare women for labor, lactation, and infant care
- Detect and treat complicated conditions early
Elements of Prenatal Care
- Complete history taking
- Physical examination (general and local)
- Laboratory investigations
- Health education
- General examination
Schedule of Antenatal Care Visits
- Regular visits detect anemia, hypertension, infections, and other high-risk conditions
- Frequency based on gestational week and presence of complications
- Minimum of three antenatal visits in a normal pregnancy within the first 20 weeks
Weight Gain During Pregnancy
- 1st trimester: 1-2 kg
- 2nd trimester: 6-7 kg
- 3rd trimester: 3-4 kg
Immunization During Pregnancy
- All pregnant women should be fully immunized with tetanus toxoid vaccine to prevent neonatal tetanus
- If not given before, two doses, 4 weeks apart, should be given in the third month; remaining doses completed per approved schedule
Danger Signs During Pregnancy
- Persistent vomiting
- Severe and persistent abdominal pain
- Vaginal bleeding
- Severe headache
- Swelling of face, fingers, and feet
- Blurring of vision
- Sudden fluid escape from vagina
- Dysuria, oliguria, or anuria
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Description
Test your knowledge on essential antenatal care practices and fetal development stages. This quiz covers key topics such as weight gain, danger signs, placental function, and hormones during pregnancy. Perfect for healthcare students or professionals looking to refresh their understanding of maternal health.