Pregnancy Care and Development Quiz
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Questions and Answers

At what interval should antenatal visits occur between 28th and 36th weeks of gestation?

  • Every 4 weeks
  • Every week
  • Every 2 weeks (correct)
  • Every month
  • What is the expected weight gain during the first trimester for a pregnant woman?

  • 1-2 kg (correct)
  • 6-7 kg
  • No significant change
  • 3-4 kg
  • Which of the following is NOT considered a danger sign during pregnancy?

  • Severe headache
  • Mild backache (correct)
  • Vaginal bleeding
  • Persistent vomiting
  • When can the fetal heart rate typically be heard with a Doppler stethoscope?

    <p>Between 10 and 12 weeks of gestation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a positive sign of pregnancy?

    <p>Visualization of fetal sac by ultrasound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial event that marks the beginning of pregnancy?

    <p>Fertilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does implantation of the blastocyst typically begin?

    <p>6th or 7th day after fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the placenta serve regarding respiratory needs for the fetus?

    <p>Exchanges gases with the mother (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is primarily excreted from the fetus through the placenta?

    <p>Carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage is the placenta completely formed and functional?

    <p>10-12 weeks after fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) play during pregnancy?

    <p>Stimulates growth of the corpus luteum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the dimensions of the placenta at term?

    <p>20cm in diameter and 2.5cm thick (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can cross the placental barrier?

    <p>Rubella virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the brownish pigmentation of the face during pregnancy?

    <p>Cholosma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign indicates the softening of the cervix during pregnancy?

    <p>Goodell's sign (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a sign of pregnancy that involves the first perception of fetal movements?

    <p>Quickening (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is part of the elements of antenatal care?

    <p>Health education (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common symptom is characterized by increased saliva production during pregnancy?

    <p>Ptyalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign shows a bluish discoloration of the cervix, vagina, and labia due to vascular congestion during pregnancy?

    <p>Chadwick's sign (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of regular antenatal care visits?

    <p>To detect high-risk pregnancy conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point in pregnancy is Hegar's sign typically detected?

    <p>Between 6 to 12 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal volume of amniotic fluid during pregnancy?

    <p>500-1500 ml (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by having more than 1500 ml of amniotic fluid?

    <p>Polyhydramnios (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'gravida' refer to?

    <p>Any pregnancy, regardless of duration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description fits the term 'Prima gravida'?

    <p>A woman pregnant for the first time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Nagele's rule' help estimate?

    <p>The estimated date of delivery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What appearance does the fetal surface of the placenta have due to the amnion?

    <p>White and shiny (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'Stillbirth'?

    <p>A fetus born dead after 20 weeks' gestation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of striae gravidarum during pregnancy?

    <p>Fine pinkish white or gray lines from skin stretching (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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    Flashcards

    Fertilization

    The process where a sperm cell and an egg cell unite in the fallopian tube, marking the beginning of a pregnancy.

    Implantation

    The implantation of the fertilized egg (blastocyst) into the lining of the uterus.

    Placenta

    The organ that connects the developing fetus to the mother's uterus, facilitating nutrient exchange and waste removal.

    Placenta: Respiration

    The ability of the placenta to allow oxygen to pass from the mother's blood to the fetus and carbon dioxide to flow in the opposite direction.

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    Placenta: Nutrition

    The placenta absorbs nutrients from the mother's blood and delivers them to the developing fetus.

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    Placenta: Storage

    The placenta's role in storing glucose, iron, fat, and soluble vitamins for the fetus's growth and development.

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    Placenta: Excretion

    The placenta helps eliminate waste products from the fetus's blood, such as carbon dioxide, bilirubin, and some urea and uric acid.

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    Placenta: Protection

    The placenta acts as a protective barrier against some infections, though certain viruses and drugs can still pass to the fetus.

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    Chloasma (Mask of Pregnancy)

    Brownish pigmentation on the face during pregnancy, often appearing on the cheeks and nose, resembling a butterfly shape.

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    Braxton Hicks Contractions

    Irregular, painless contractions of the uterus that occur throughout pregnancy. They become stronger and more frequent during the third trimester.

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    Hegar's Sign

    Softening of the lower uterine segment, noticeable during a bimanual examination. Occurs between 6 to 12 weeks of pregnancy.

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    Goodell's Sign

    Softening of the cervix, uterus, and vagina during pregnancy due to hormonal changes.

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    Chadwick's Sign

    Bluish discoloration of the cervix, vagina, and labia during pregnancy caused by increased blood flow.

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    Palmer's Sign

    Intermittent uterine contractions detected by bimanual examination early in pregnancy.

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    Leucorrhea

    Normal vaginal discharge occurring during pregnancy due to hormonal changes.

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    Quickening

    The first time a pregnant woman feels fetal movement.

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    Amniotic Fluid Volume

    The amount of amniotic fluid at term is typically between 500-1500 ml.

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    Polyhydramnios

    A condition where there is too much amniotic fluid, exceeding 1500 ml.

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    Oligohydramnios

    A condition where there is too little amniotic fluid, less than 500 ml.

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    Pregnancy Length

    The time period from conception until delivery of the baby.

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    Antenatal

    The time period before delivery.

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    Primigravida

    A woman who is pregnant for the first time.

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    Multigravida

    A woman who has had two or more pregnancies.

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    Nuligravida

    A woman who has not given birth to a baby after 20 weeks of gestation.

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    Antenatal Visits Schedule

    Visits should increase in frequency as pregnancy progresses. Before 28 weeks: every 4 weeks. From 28 to 36 weeks: every 2 weeks. After 36 weeks: every week. At least 3 visits within the first 20 weeks is acceptable in a normal pregnancy.

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    Weight Gain During Pregnancy

    A slight increase in weight is typical during the first trimester (1-2 kg) followed by a larger gain during the second trimester ( around 6-7 kg). During the final trimester, weight gain slows again (approximately 3-4 kg).

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    Tetanus Immunization During Pregnancy

    Pregnant women should be fully immunized against tetanus. If a previous vaccination is not available, two doses are required during pregnancy, four weeks apart, starting in the third month.

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    Danger Signs During Pregnancy

    Common signs include persistent vomiting, severe abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, severe headache, sudden swelling, blurred vision, vaginal fluid leakage, and urinary issues. Seek immediate medical attention if any of these occur.

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    Presumptive Signs of Pregnancy

    These signs are suggestive of pregnancy. They are not definitive, as they can be caused by other factors.

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    Study Notes

    Normal Pregnancy

    • Supervised by Dr. Hoda Albendary

    Group of the Presentation

    • Group A: Nada El-Saeed AbdelMurdi, Salsabel Mohamed, Souad Reda Fouad, Salma Essam, Amera Fahem, Sara Gharbia, Dina Nofal, Rawda Mahmoud, Sanaa Elsabhy, Hager Mohamed, Shireen Mohamed, Soaad Zahra, Rufaida Hani
    • Group B: Mariam Mohamed Aamer, Mariam Abozaid, Maisa Tharwat, Rahma Khaled, Hager Radwan, Yomna Naeem

    Conception and Fetal Development

    • Fertilization: Union of sperm and ovum in the fallopian tube
    • Sex Determination: Determined at fertilization
    • Implantation: Blastocyst penetrates the endometrium
    • Implantation Time: Begins around 6th/7th day, complete by 11th day after fertilization
    • Placental Development: Fully formed and functioning by 10-12 weeks after fertilization

    Functions of the Mature Placenta

    • Respiration: Fetus obtains oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide
    • Nutrition: Nutrients from mother's diet (broken down into simpler forms)
    • Storage: Stores glucose as glycogen, iron, fats, and soluble vitamins.
    • Excretion: Removes carbon dioxide, bilirubin, and small amounts of urea/uric acid.

    Protection

    • Limited barrier to infection
    • Rubella virus and some drugs can cross
    • Antibodies transferred from mother giving immunity to the infant for the first 3 months

    Endocrine Function

    • Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is the basis for pregnancy tests
    • Stimulates the growth and activity of the corpus luteum

    Placenta at Term

    • Round flat mass, approximately 20cm in diameter and 2.5cm thick at its center
    • Weighs one-sixth of the infant's weight at term
    • Maternal Surface: Dark red in color
    • Fetal Surface: White, shiny appearance due to the amnion covering it

    Origin Fetal: Amniotic Fluid

    • Secreted by the amnion covering the placenta and umbilical cord
    • Fluid exuded from fetal vessels in the placenta
    • Fetal urine contributes to volume from the 10th week of pregnancy

    Origin Maternal: Amniotic Fluid

    • Fluid exudate from maternal vessels in the decidua
    • Normal volume: 500-1500 ml
    • Polyhydramnios: Amniotic fluid > 1500 ml
    • Oligohydramnios: Amniotic fluid < 500 ml

    Pregnancy

    • Period between conception and delivery of the products of conception
    • Usual duration: 280 days (40 ± 2) weeks

    Physiological Changes During Pregnancy - Definitions

    • Ante: Before
    • Natal: Delivery
    • Antenatal: Before delivery
    • Antenatal care: Comprehensive health supervision of a pregnant woman before delivery
    • Prenatal: Time before delivery
    • Gravida: Any pregnancy, including the current pregnancy

    Para and Other Terms

    • Para: Number of births after 20 weeks' gestation (live or dead)
    • Primigravida: Woman pregnant for the first time
    • Multigravida: Woman in second or subsequent pregnancy
    • Nuligravida: Woman who has not given birth at more than 20 weeks' gestation
    • Multipara: Woman who has given birth two or more times at more than 20 weeks' gestation
    • Stillbirth: A fetus born dead after 20 weeks' gestation

    Other Pregnancy Characteristics

    • LMP: Last menstrual period
    • EDC/EDD: Estimated date of confinement/delivery
    • Nagele's rule: A rough estimate for EDC
    • Linea nigra: Dark line from umbilicus to symphysis pubis; hormone-induced pigmentation
    • Striae gravidarum: Stretch marks
    • Chloasma: Brownish pigmentation of the face (mask of pregnancy)
    • Braxton Hicks contractions: Irregular, mild, painless uterine contractions

    Other Signs & Symptoms

    • Hegar's sign: Softening of lower uterine segment (2nd-3rd month)
    • Goodell's sign: Softening of cervix, uterus, and vagina
    • Chadwick's sign: Bluish discoloration of cervix, vagina, and labia
    • Palmer sign: Intermittent uterine contractions (early pregnancy)
    • Leucorrhea: Colorless vaginal discharge
    • Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation
    • Quickening: First feeling of fetal movement
    • Ptyalism: Increased saliva
    • Ballottement: Fetal movement in the amniotic fluid

    Diagnosis of Pregnancy

    • Based on several factors:
    • Pregnancy signs and symptoms
    • Probable evidence (e.g., Hagar's sign, Goodell's sign)
    • Positive evidence (e.g., positive pregnancy test)

    Presumptive Signs

    • Amenorrhea
    • Nausea and vomiting
    • Fatigue
    • Urinary frequency
    • Breast and skin changes
    • Quickening

    Positive Signs

    • Visualization of fetal sac by ultrasound
    • Hearing fetal heart sounds
    • Feeling fetal movement
    • Palpable fetal parts

    Hearing of Fetal Heart Rate

    • Usually heard between 16th-20th week (fetoscope) & 10th-12th week (Doppler)
    • Ultrasonography confirms fetal outline
    • Ultrasonography can show the gestational sac as early as the 5th week

    Significance of Prenatal Care

    • Reduce maternal and prenatal mortality and morbidity
    • Improve physical and mental health of women and children
    • Prepare women for labor, lactation, and infant care
    • Detect and treat complicated conditions early

    Elements of Prenatal Care

    • Complete history taking
    • Physical examination (general and local)
    • Laboratory investigations
    • Health education
    • General examination

    Schedule of Antenatal Care Visits

    • Regular visits detect anemia, hypertension, infections, and other high-risk conditions
    • Frequency based on gestational week and presence of complications
    • Minimum of three antenatal visits in a normal pregnancy within the first 20 weeks

    Weight Gain During Pregnancy

    • 1st trimester: 1-2 kg
    • 2nd trimester: 6-7 kg
    • 3rd trimester: 3-4 kg

    Immunization During Pregnancy

    • All pregnant women should be fully immunized with tetanus toxoid vaccine to prevent neonatal tetanus
    • If not given before, two doses, 4 weeks apart, should be given in the third month; remaining doses completed per approved schedule

    Danger Signs During Pregnancy

    • Persistent vomiting
    • Severe and persistent abdominal pain
    • Vaginal bleeding
    • Severe headache
    • Swelling of face, fingers, and feet
    • Blurring of vision
    • Sudden fluid escape from vagina
    • Dysuria, oliguria, or anuria

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on essential antenatal care practices and fetal development stages. This quiz covers key topics such as weight gain, danger signs, placental function, and hormones during pregnancy. Perfect for healthcare students or professionals looking to refresh their understanding of maternal health.

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