Prediabetes and Protein Structure

Arg, Phe, Val

Cys, Lys

Ser, Trp

<p>Hair, GI, and Blood Vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cooperativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allosteric enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>126 mg/ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prediabetes is referred to as serum glucose between 100 and 126.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zero-order elimination is when a drug is eliminated at a constant rate, regardless of its concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first-order can be bypassed by administering a loading dose of the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Km is the substrate concentration at which the enzyme's active sites are half occupied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acid hydrolysis is used to determine the types of amino acids in a protein, but not the sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gel electrophoresis primarily separates proteins by size, but can also separate them by charge if electrodes are added.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ninhydrin reaction is used to identify any amino acid on the amino terminal of a protein by creating a purple color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edman's degradation uses phenyl isothiocyanate to react with any amino acid starting on the amino terminal of a protein. It can accurately identify amino acids up to 100 in number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ESR test is used to determine the rate at which red blood cells sediment in one hour. It can indicate nonspecific inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A high sedimentation rate suggests an inflammatory illness, while a normal sedimentation rate suggests a non-inflammatory illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If the sedimentation rate is not trending down over time, it indicates that the inflammation is not decreasing and the treatment may not be working.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two types of amyloidosis are primary and secondary. Primary amyloidosis is caused by genetic factors, while secondary amyloidosis is caused by chronic inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four types of protein structures are:</p> <ol> <li>Primary structure - the sequence of amino acids in a protein, held together by peptide bonds.</li> <li>Secondary structure - the shape of the protein, either an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet, held together by hydrogen bonds.</li> <li>Tertiary structure - the three-dimensional structure of the protein, containing a single polypeptide chain backbone and secondary protein structures.</li> <li>Quaternary structure - complexes of multiple polypeptide chains, also known as subunits.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A peptide bond is formed when the carboxyl group of the amino acid on the left attacks the amino group of the amino acid on the right.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three features of a peptide bond are:</p> <ol> <li>Planar (flat)</li> <li>Restricted mobility</li> <li>R-groups are in trans configuration (face away from each other) to allow maximum mobility without instability.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restriction enzymes are currently used to sequence proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peaks are measured 4 hours after a dose is administered to determine the highest concentration of the drug in the body. Troughs, on the other hand, are measured 1 or 2 hours before the next dose to determine the lowest concentration of the drug in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The liver uses enzymes called mixed function oxidases, such as p450 system, to make fat-soluble drugs more water-soluble. This process enables the liver to eliminate the drugs or send them to the kidney for excretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylation is the most common method of conjugation for large fat-soluble molecules. It involves adding a large water-soluble molecule, such as glucose, to the fat-soluble molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The zero-order number for alcohol clearance is 100 mg/dL. This means that the body can clear 100 mg of alcohol from the blood per hour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It would take 2 hours to clear 200 mg of alcohol from the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No, there is no way to speed up the process of clearing alcohol from the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary hemostasis and secondary hemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasoconstriction; formation of platelet plug; and formation of fibrin clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To stop blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein clotting factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creating a temporary clot called a platelet plug</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An acute injury to intact skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelets form a plug and clotting factors to change that plug into a fibrin mesh.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The endothelium of the small blood vessels within the wound clamp down to stem the flow of blood, causing fluid stasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemostasis, inflammation, epithelialization, fibroplasia, and maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If any part of the wound healing process breaks down, an acute wound can become chronic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ca2+ is needed by clotting factors to create fibrin clot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The receptor GpIIb/IIIa binds circulating coagulation protein fibrinogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defective GpIIb/IIIa causes Glanzmann thrombasthenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prostacyclin (PGI1) inhibits platelet aggregation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bernard-Soulier Syndrome is caused by a defective glycoprotein GpIb receptor on platelet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Von Willebrand disease is the most common inherited bleeding disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ticlopidine and Clopidogrel</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, leading to increased cAMP levels and inhibition of TXA2 while increasing prostacyclin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of thromboxane A2 or prostaglandin E2 synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reversible inhibition of COX 1 and 2, leading to decreased prostaglandin E2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Argatroban, Lepirudin, Bivalirudin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelet consumption can be caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenic purpura, and hemolytic uremic syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The current preferred name for thrombocytopenia due to an autoimmune reaction is immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ITP is an autoimmune reaction against platelets, while TTP is impeded ADAMTS13 causing platelet clumping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infections such as parvovirus B-19, hepatitis C, and hepatitis E can cause thrombocytopenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medications such as AZT, vinblastine, chloramphenicol, and benzene can cause thrombocytopenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIT is an autoimmune reaction that occurs in about 5% of individuals who take heparin, where IgG attacks heparin after it forms a complex with Platelet Factor 4.</p> Signup and view all the answers