Prediabetes and Protein Structure

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What is the correct order of amino acids in Set 1?

Arg, Phe, Val

What is the correct order of amino acids in Set 2?

Cys, Lys

What is the correct order of amino acids in Set 3?

Ser, Trp

What tissue has a lot of twists and turns?

Hair, GI, and Blood Vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important factor that determines the tertiary structure of proteins?

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the interaction between two or more proteins?

Cooperativity Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in a metabolic pathway called?

Allosteric enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum concentration of glucose that can be reabsorbed in the kidney?

126 mg/ml Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of prediabetes?

Prediabetes is referred to as serum glucose between 100 and 126. Signup and view all the answers

What is zero-order elimination?

Zero-order elimination is when a drug is eliminated at a constant rate, regardless of its concentration. Signup and view all the answers

How can the first-order be bypassed?

The first-order can be bypassed by administering a loading dose of the drug. Signup and view all the answers

What is Km in enzyme kinetics?

Km is the substrate concentration at which the enzyme's active sites are half occupied. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of acid hydrolysis in protein analysis?

Acid hydrolysis is used to determine the types of amino acids in a protein, but not the sequence. Signup and view all the answers

How does gel electrophoresis separate proteins?

Gel electrophoresis primarily separates proteins by size, but can also separate them by charge if electrodes are added. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ninhydrin reaction in protein analysis?

The ninhydrin reaction is used to identify any amino acid on the amino terminal of a protein by creating a purple color. Signup and view all the answers

What is the procedure of Edman's degradation and what are its limitations?

Edman's degradation uses phenyl isothiocyanate to react with any amino acid starting on the amino terminal of a protein. It can accurately identify amino acids up to 100 in number. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) test?

The ESR test is used to determine the rate at which red blood cells sediment in one hour. It can indicate nonspecific inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

How can a sedimentation rate help determine the nature of an illness?

A high sedimentation rate suggests an inflammatory illness, while a normal sedimentation rate suggests a non-inflammatory illness. Signup and view all the answers

How can the sedimentation rate be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for an inflammatory disease?

If the sedimentation rate is not trending down over time, it indicates that the inflammation is not decreasing and the treatment may not be working. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of amyloidosis and what are their causes?

The two types of amyloidosis are primary and secondary. Primary amyloidosis is caused by genetic factors, while secondary amyloidosis is caused by chronic inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of protein structures and their descriptions?

The four types of protein structures are: <ol> <li>Primary structure - the sequence of amino acids in a protein, held together by peptide bonds.</li> <li>Secondary structure - the shape of the protein, either an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet, held together by hydrogen bonds.</li> <li>Tertiary structure - the three-dimensional structure of the protein, containing a single polypeptide chain backbone and secondary protein structures.</li> <li>Quaternary structure - complexes of multiple polypeptide chains, also known as subunits.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How is a peptide bond formed?

A peptide bond is formed when the carboxyl group of the amino acid on the left attacks the amino group of the amino acid on the right. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three features of a peptide bond?

The three features of a peptide bond are: <ol> <li>Planar (flat)</li> <li>Restricted mobility</li> <li>R-groups are in trans configuration (face away from each other) to allow maximum mobility without instability.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are restriction enzymes used for?

Restriction enzymes are currently used to sequence proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring peaks and troughs in drug administration?

Peaks are measured 4 hours after a dose is administered to determine the highest concentration of the drug in the body. Troughs, on the other hand, are measured 1 or 2 hours before the next dose to determine the lowest concentration of the drug in the body. Signup and view all the answers

How does the liver metabolize fat-soluble drugs?

The liver uses enzymes called mixed function oxidases, such as p450 system, to make fat-soluble drugs more water-soluble. This process enables the liver to eliminate the drugs or send them to the kidney for excretion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common method of conjugation for large fat-soluble molecules?

Acetylation is the most common method of conjugation for large fat-soluble molecules. It involves adding a large water-soluble molecule, such as glucose, to the fat-soluble molecule. Signup and view all the answers

What is the zero-order number for alcohol clearance?

The zero-order number for alcohol clearance is 100 mg/dL. This means that the body can clear 100 mg of alcohol from the blood per hour. Signup and view all the answers

How long would it take to clear 200 mg of alcohol from the blood?

It would take 2 hours to clear 200 mg of alcohol from the blood. Signup and view all the answers

Is there any way to speed up the process of clearing alcohol from the blood?

No, there is no way to speed up the process of clearing alcohol from the blood. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two phases of hemostasis?

Primary hemostasis and secondary hemostasis Signup and view all the answers

What are the three steps of hemostasis?

Vasoconstriction; formation of platelet plug; and formation of fibrin clot Signup and view all the answers

What is the main job of vasoconstriction in hemostasis?

To stop blood loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the main participant in the formation of platelet plug?

Platelet cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main participant in the formation of fibrin clot (coagulation)?

Protein clotting factors Signup and view all the answers

What are platelets responsible for in primary hemostasis?

Creating a temporary clot called a platelet plug Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a wound?

An acute injury to intact skin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of wound healing called?

Hemostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of platelets in wound healing?

Platelets form a plug and clotting factors to change that plug into a fibrin mesh. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the small blood vessels within a wound?

The endothelium of the small blood vessels within the wound clamp down to stem the flow of blood, causing fluid stasis. Signup and view all the answers

What are the five stages of wound healing?

Hemostasis, inflammation, epithelialization, fibroplasia, and maturation. Signup and view all the answers

What can cause an acute wound to become chronic?

If any part of the wound healing process breaks down, an acute wound can become chronic. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Ca2+ in clotting factors?

Ca2+ is needed by clotting factors to create fibrin clot. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the receptor GpIIb/IIIa in platelet aggregation?

The receptor GpIIb/IIIa binds circulating coagulation protein fibrinogen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of defective GpIIb/IIIa?

Defective GpIIb/IIIa causes Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of prostacyclin (PGI1) on platelet aggregation?

Prostacyclin (PGI1) inhibits platelet aggregation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of Bernard-Soulier Syndrome?

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome is caused by a defective glycoprotein GpIb receptor on platelet. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common inherited bleeding disorder?

Von Willebrand disease is the most common inherited bleeding disorder. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of antiplatelet drugs mentioned in the text?

Ticlopidine and Clopidogrel Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of phosphodiesterase inhibitors?

Inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, leading to increased cAMP levels and inhibition of TXA2 while increasing prostacyclin Signup and view all the answers

What is the major effect of COX inhibitors?

Inhibition of thromboxane A2 or prostaglandin E2 synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs?

Reversible inhibition of COX 1 and 2, leading to decreased prostaglandin E2 levels Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of reversible prostaglandin E2 inhibitors mentioned in the text?

Ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of direct thrombin inhibitors mentioned in the text?

Argatroban, Lepirudin, Bivalirudin Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential causes of thrombocytopenia due to platelet consumption?

Platelet consumption can be caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenic purpura, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Signup and view all the answers

What is the current preferred name for thrombocytopenia due to an autoimmune reaction?

The current preferred name for thrombocytopenia due to an autoimmune reaction is immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)?

ITP is an autoimmune reaction against platelets, while TTP is impeded ADAMTS13 causing platelet clumping. Signup and view all the answers

What are some infections that can cause thrombocytopenia?

Infections such as parvovirus B-19, hepatitis C, and hepatitis E can cause thrombocytopenia. Signup and view all the answers

What are some medications that can cause thrombocytopenia?

Medications such as AZT, vinblastine, chloramphenicol, and benzene can cause thrombocytopenia. Signup and view all the answers

What is heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)?

HIT is an autoimmune reaction that occurs in about 5% of individuals who take heparin, where IgG attacks heparin after it forms a complex with Platelet Factor 4. Signup and view all the answers