Pragmatics Overview Quiz 03

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Questions and Answers

How is cooperation between speakers managed in conversation analysis?

  • Through the use of formal procedures
  • Through the use of turn-taking (correct)
  • Through the use of nonverbal cues alone
  • Through the use of pre-determined conversation scripts

What does 'TRP' stand for in the context of conversation analysis?

  • Turn-taking Response Prediction
  • Transition Relevance Place
  • Transition Relevance Point (correct)
  • Turn-taking Regulation Point

What does a double slash (//) indicate in a conversation transcript?

  • The speaker is interrupting another (correct)
  • The speaker is pausing for a moment
  • The speaker is correcting a previous statement
  • The speaker is emphasizing a specific phrase

What is the most common indicator of a TRP in conversation?

<p>The end of a sentence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The example of 'A: I was wondering if you had a moment. B: Sure. A: Great, thanks' illustrates what concept in conversation analysis?

<p>Turn-taking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an equal sign (=) usually represent in conversation transcripts?

<p>Two speakers are simultaneously speaking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key assumption that conversation analysis is based on?

<p>Speakers take turns in a conversation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of social interaction, as described in the text?

<p>Interpretation of written texts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the 'Opting out' section in relation to the Cooperative Principle?

<p>To illustrate how speakers can strategically violate maxims for specific purposes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Cooperative Principle?

<p>Speakers always seek mutual understanding regardless of the speaker's intentions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the 'Quantity' maxim of the Cooperative Principle?

<p>A waiter provides the customer with a concise menu summary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'Opting out' section demonstrate the 'Manner' maxim of the Cooperative Principle?

<p>It illustrates how speakers can use indirect language to signal their intentions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the 'Politeness' section?

<p>To define politeness as a behavior designed to save face (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major approach to studying politeness?

<p>Politeness as a form of social etiquette (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided content, what can be inferred about the relationship between the Cooperative Principle and Politeness?

<p>Politeness can be seen as a complement to the Cooperative Principle, impacting communication strategies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phrases from the 'Opting out' section best exemplifies the concept of 'Politeness' as defined in the text?

<p>I may be wrong, but... (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core principle of Grice’s Theory of Conversational Implicature?

<p>Conversations should be cooperative and contribute to a shared understanding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the 'Maxim of Quantity' applied in a conversation?

<p>Speakers should provide only the necessary information, avoiding extraneous details. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which maxim would be violated if a speaker deliberately provides misleading information?

<p>Maxim of Quality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The statement 'I said no, but he did it anyway' is an example of which type of implicature?

<p>Conventional Implicature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Conversational Implicatures and contextual information?

<p>Contextual information is essential for correctly understanding Conversational Implicatures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the example 'Can I speak to Mary?//She's in the shower' demonstrate Conversational Implicature?

<p>The speaker implies that Mary is unavailable for a conversation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Conversational Implicatures in communication?

<p>To efficiently and effectively communicate implied meanings beyond the literal words. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of Conversational Implicatures?

<p>They rely on a stable connection between specific words and meanings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the linguistic expressions used to express imprecision or qualification when opting out of the maxims?

<p>Hedges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which maxim is violated in the example '(i)' of 'Quality' violation?

<p>Quality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which maxim is violated when a speaker tells a deliberate lie, e.g., because they are being threatened?

<p>Quality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which maxim is not violated by stating "In short, ..."?

<p>Manner (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which maxim is violated when a speaker says "B-I-S-C-U-I-T-S" instead of "Biscuits"?

<p>Manner (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which maxim does the phrase "Honestly!" indicate adherence to?

<p>Quality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example in the Content demonstrates a violation of the maxim of Quantity?

<p>(i) Do you have the time?// Yes, I do. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which maxim is violated in example '(ii)' under 'Violating: Indicating non-adherence' for 'Manner'?

<p>Manner (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true about Jess in the conversation?

<p>Jess believes that her father's experience has changed the landscape for young Asians today. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Mr. B's speech act in line 31 reveal about his cultural background?

<p>He thinks that the experience of discrimination reinforces the importance of preserving one’s identity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mrs. B's speech act in line 32 utilizes which Grice's maxim?

<p>Maxim of Manner (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Joe's speech act in line 31 suggest about his perspective?

<p>He believes that things have changed for young Asians today. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following speech acts are present in the conversation?

<p>Assertive (A), Directive (B), Expressive (C), Commissive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best explains how the "Politeness Principle" complements the "Cooperative Principle"?

<p>The &quot;Politeness Principle&quot; can be used to explain why people sometimes violate the &quot;Cooperative Principle&quot; in order to be polite. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Example 7, why does B's response violate the "Cooperative Principle"?

<p>B's response does not provide enough information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main conflict that this conversation highlights?

<p>A clash between traditional cultural values and modern aspirations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of the "Irony Principle"?

<p>Use irony to express opinions without directly contradicting the &quot;Politeness Principle&quot;. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Jess's speech act in line 30 reveal about her?

<p>She is trying to find common ground with her parents by using a shared concept. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the maxim of relevance play out in this exchange?

<p>Mr. B's speech act in line 31 is relevant to the conversation, but it is not aligned with Jess’s argument. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Example 8, what is the implicature derived from B's response?

<p>B is not happy about Geoff stealing the car. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between the "Tact" and "Generosity" maxims of politeness?

<p>Tact focuses on minimizing the receiver's cost, while generosity focuses on minimizing the speaker's cost. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples best demonstrates the "Tact" maxim of politeness?

<p>Could you please pass me that book? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best summarizes the "Politeness Principle"?

<p>Try to minimize the expression of impolite beliefs while maximizing the expression of polite beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the "Politeness Principle" considered a necessary complement to the "Cooperative Principle"?

<p>The &quot;Politeness Principle&quot; balances the need for effective communication with the importance of social harmony. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cooperative Principle

A principle suggesting that effective communication depends on participants in a conversation adhering to certain maxims.

Maxims of Conversation

Guidelines that speakers follow to ensure effective and coherent communication: Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner.

Maxim of Quantity

Provide the right amount of information, neither too much nor too little.

Maxim of Quality

Do not say what you believe to be false or that for which you lack adequate evidence.

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Maxim of Relation

Be relevant in your contributions to the conversation.

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Maxim of Manner

Avoid ambiguity and obscurity; be clear and orderly in expression.

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Violating Maxims

Intentionally breaking the maxims to create effects like humor, irony, or to mask the truth.

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Opting Out

Using hedges or imprecise language to avoid giving strict answers or commitments.

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Politeness

Behavior aimed at maintaining the face of oneself and others in an interaction, often expressed verbally.

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Politeness Norms

Social rules that dictate how people should behave respectfully in interpersonal interactions.

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Politeness Maxims

Principles that individuals adhere to in communication to maintain politeness, related to the Cooperative Principle.

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Social interaction

The means through which identities are affirmed and cultures are transmitted.

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Conversation

A fundamental way humans use language and interact socially.

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Turn-taking

A cooperative management of conversation where speakers alternate speaking turns.

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Transition Relevance Place (TRP)

The point in conversation where it is appropriate for one speaker to take a turn.

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Interruptions

When a speaker breaks in before a TRP occurs, disrupting the current speaker.

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Overlaps

When a speaker starts talking before the current speaker finishes.

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Cooperation in interaction

The mutual effort by speakers to manage conversation effectively through cues.

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Non-linguistic elements of conversation

Communication through eye gaze, silence, and other non-verbal cues beyond words.

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Expressive Speech Act

A speech act that expresses feelings or attitudes.

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Indirect Commisive

A speech act that indirectly commits the speaker to a certain action.

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Assertive Speech Act

A speech act that conveys information or beliefs.

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Flouting Maxim of Quantity

Giving more information than is necessary in a conversation.

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Maxim of Relevance

A conversational principle requiring responses to be pertinent to the topic.

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Flouting Maxim of Manner

Being unclear or not orderly in communication.

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Cultural Identity Preservation

The importance of maintaining one's cultural identity in a dominant culture.

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Conversation Analysis

The study of how people communicate in conversation.

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Conversational Implicature

Meanings inferred from context that go beyond the literal utterance in a conversation.

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Conventional Implicature

Implications tied to specific linguistic expressions that are understood culturally.

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Contextual Implicature

Implications that arise from the context of the conversation rather than the words themselves.

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Politeness Principle

Minimise impolite beliefs and maximise polite beliefs in communication.

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Implicature

An implied meaning that emerges from context rather than explicit statements.

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Cooperative Principle (CP)

A guideline for effective communication focusing on relevance and informativeness.

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Irony Principle (IP)

Conveying offense indirectly while appearing polite, allowing for implicature.

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Maxim of Tact

Minimise cost to others while maximising their benefit.

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Maxim of Generosity

Minimise benefit to oneself while maximising cost to oneself.

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Study Notes

Recap of Key Concepts

  • Context: Crucial for understanding meaning. Includes situational factors, background knowledge, and co-textual information.

  • Deixis and Reference: Understanding words that refer to specific people, places, or times within the context.

  • Inference, Presupposition, and Entailment: Drawing conclusions, identifying underlying assumptions, and determining logical implications from utterances.

  • Speech Act Theory: Analyzing the actions performed through speech acts, like requests, apologies, and promises.

  • Cooperation and Implicature: Examining how speakers and listeners cooperate in conversation, and how meaning can be implied beyond the literal words.

  • Politeness: The study of verbal and non-verbal behavior for maintaining the face of individuals in an interaction.

  • Inter- and cross-cultural pragmatics: Understanding how different cultural communities use language and interpret meaning.

  • Conversation and Discourse Analysis: Examining how language is used in interactions, including aspects like turn taking, interruptions, and overlaps.

The Cooperative Principle

  • Maxims of Conversation: Guidelines for effective communication, ensuring cooperative exchange. Includes maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner.

  • Quantity: Providing the right amount of information, neither too little nor too much.

  • Maxim of Quality: Providing truthful information, avoiding falsehoods or unsupported claims.

  • Maxim of Relation: Staying relevant and pertinent to the conversation.

  • Maxim of Manner: Avoiding ambiguity, obscurity and being orderly and brief.

  • Implicature: Suggesting other meaning beyond what is explicitly stated, important for understanding the true meaning and intent in conversations.

Politeness Principle

  • Maximising Polite Beliefs: Promoting courteous and respectful communication, avoiding impolite beliefs and expressions.

  • Minimising Impolite Beliefs: Showing politeness by being indirect when conveying impolite information.

  • Politeness Principle (Leech 1983): Minimising impolite beliefs and maximising polite ones, crucial to understanding and managing interactions.

  • Irony Principle: Indirectly expressing impolite remarks to avoid a direct conflict with the Cooperative Principle.

Intercultural Pragmatics

  • Difference in Expectations: Highlighting how different communities have different expectations regarding how meaning is constructed in conversations across cultures.

  • Examples: Analysis of conversations between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Cases of how different cultural norms can lead to misunderstanding, and how these can be avoided.

Conversation Analysis

  • Turn-Taking: Describing how speakers negotiate to take turns in a conversation. Key concept to understand conversation analysis.

  • Interruptions: Explains how speakers interrupt each other in conversation, and the reasons behind them.

  • Overlaps: Speaker overlap is the continuation, or partial continuation, of a turn by another speaker before the first turn is fully concluded.

  • Pauses: Analysis helps to understand the importance and meaning of pauses in conversation.

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