Practical Research 1 - Lesson 2: Nature of Research

Practical Research 1 - Lesson 2: Nature of Research

• Research is a structured process of executing mental acts to discover and examine facts and information to confirm the accuracy of claims about a research topic.
• Research is similar to inquiry, as both involve investigations through questioning.
• Research is more complex than inquiry because it involves a specific order of stages, and knowledge from other people is also critical to completing the research process.
• Research relies on collaboration and systematic work.
• Research typically follows a step-by-step process using a standardized approach to answer questions or solve problems.

Desired Learning Outcomes

• Students will be able to share research experiences and knowledge.
• Students will be able to explain the significance of research in daily life.
• Students will gain an understanding of research characteristics, processes, and ethics.
• Students will be able to differentiate between quantitative and qualitative research approaches.
• Students will be able to identify research examples in various subject areas such as arts, humanities, sports, science, business, agriculture, fisheries, information and communication technology, and social inquiry.

Meaning of Research

• Research is a method for acquiring verifiable data for accuracy or truthfulness in the claims or conclusions about a particular subject or topic.
• Research is analogous to inquiry, as both involve investigatory processes using questioning.

Definition of Research

• Research is a continuous effort to discover the unknown.
• It involves the investigation of new facts, leading to new ideas, improvements, and broadening of perspectives.
• Research progresses from the known to the unknown, striving to discover truth.

Characteristics of Research

• Accuracy: Research requires factual and precise data correctly documented in footnotes, notes, and citations.
• Objectivity: Focus on facts, not opinions, assumptions, generalizations, predictions, or conclusions.
• Timeliness: Research should relate to a recent topic relevant and interesting to current society.
• Relevance: Research should contribute to society by addressing issues or improving communities.
• Clarity: Research should present its core findings in an easy-to-understand format.
• Systematic: Research must take place in a structured and orderly manner.
• Ethical: Research should prioritize benefits over detriments, maintaining confidentiality and respect.
• Empirical: Research relies on direct observation and experience.
• Logical: Based on a valid process and principles.
• Cyclical: Research is a repeated process starting and ending with a problem.
• Critical: Research should involve careful and precise judgment.
• Methodical: Research is conducted according to systematic methods and procedures devoid of bias and using these with a structured manner.
• Replicability: Research designs and procedures can be repeated, to confirm results.
• Realistic: Real data is gathered and used. Analytical: Data procedures and methods are used carefully and systematically.
• Original: Research contributes valuable insights and novel solutions.
• Feasible: Research should consider if the problem is solvable given the available resources and procedures.

Types of Research

• Based on Application:
  • Pure research: Focuses on theories, principles, and abstract concepts.
  • Applied research: Focuses on solving practical problems and issues in society.
• Based on Purpose:
  • Descriptive research: Aims to portray a person, event, or situation.
  • Correlational research: Shows relationships between variables or factors.
  • Explanatory research: Identifies the reasons and effects behind events and seeks causal relationships.
  • Exploratory research: Aims to explore areas or topics not clearly understood.
• Based on Data Needed:
  • Qualitative research: Uses non-numerical data describing experiences.
  • Quantitative research: Uses numerical data to measure and test hypotheses.
  • Mixed methods research: Combines both qualitative and quantitative approaches.
• Based on Data Source
  • Primary data: Collected directly from primary sources such as interviews, observations, surveys, or experiments.
  • Secondary data: Collected from secondary or pre-existing sources such as literature reviews, reports, or documents.

Research Process

• Define the research topic.
• Formulate the problem statement.
• Identify the theoretical and conceptual frameworks.
• Conduct a literature review.
• Develop the research strategy.
• Collect the data.
• Validate the research design and analyze the data.
• Write and revise the research paper.
• Defend and disseminate research findings.

Outline of Research Paper

• Introduction to the Study
• Review of Related Literatures
• Research Design and Methodology
• Research Findings and Discussion
• Conclusion and Recommendations

Ethics in Research

• Ethics in research focuses on distinguishing acceptable and unacceptable research behavior.
• Research ethics ensures the integrity and trustworthiness of research findings.
• Ethical guidelines should be followed when conducting research.
• Ethical procedures promote the values of collaboration, respect, fairness in helping researchers and the public benefit from the research findings.

Importance of Ethics in Research

• Helps promote knowledge, truth, and credibility.
• Nurtures values necessary for collaborative work, especially in research projects, involving several people in diverse fields.
• Helps build public trust by holding researchers to a high standard.

Ethical Principles, Codes, and Policies in Research

• Honesty
• Objectivity
• Integrity
• Carefulness
• Openness
• Respect for Intellectual Property
• Confidentiality
• Responsible Mentoring
• Responsible Publication
• Respect for Colleagues
• Social Responsibility
• Non-discrimination
• Competence
• Legality
• Animal Care
• Human Subjects Protection
• Diligence
• Non-maleficence, benevolence, and justice

Rights of Research Participants

• Human rights
• Informed consent
• Voluntary participation
• Privacy and confidentiality
• Anonymity
• Risk of harm

Forms of Research Misconduct

• Plagiarism
• Falsification
• Fabrication
• Copyright Infringement
• Academic Dishonesty

Intellectual Property

• Creations of the mind, encompassing inventions and artistic works as well as symbols and names used in commerce.
• Two main categories: industrial property (patents, trademarks, and design) and copyright (published work).
• Intellectual property rights are protected in many countries.

Quantitative vs Qualitative Research

• Quantitative research: Collects and analyzes numerical data to measure and test hypotheses, typically using statistical analysis to interpret data and evaluate results.
• Qualitative research: Collects and analyzes non-numerical data, often through interviews or observations.

Data Collection Techniques in Research

• Qualitative Research: Interview, observation, focused group discussion, content analysis.
• Quantitative research: Multiple choice tests, surveys, Likert scale items, experiments, polls.

Sample Quantitative and Qualitative Research Topics

• Several research topics in various areas of focus were provided within the document.

Research Methods in Quantitative and Qualitative Research

• Quantitative methods: Use clear and defined procedures, with researchers separate from the process.
• Qualitative Methods: Use flexible techniques with researchers immersed more intimately in the process, often using in-depth interviews and direct observations.

Mixed Methods Research

• Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches in research gives a more comprehensive understanding.

Examples of Research Areas of Interest

• Includes various subject areas from arts to social science to technology.

Additional Research Topics

• Many subject areas with possible research topics are offered in the notes.

Research Hugot

• The term "hugot" is a style of expressing romantic and heartfelt emotions within Filipino culture.