Research Methods: Quantitative vs Qualitative
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Questions and Answers

Which type of interview strictly adheres to a predetermined set of questions?

  • Unstructured Interview
  • Structured Interview (correct)
  • Semi-Structured Interview
  • Focus Group Discussion

    • Qualitative studies generally rely on numerical data for analysis.

    False

    What is triangulation in qualitative research?

    Using multiple data sources to develop a comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon.

    In a ______, you might read historical documents or other secondary documents.

    <p>case study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of qualitative studies?

    <p>Enhance credibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the qualitative research instruments with their descriptions:

    <p>Aide Memoir = Interview guide to assist in conducting interviews Structured Interview = Adheres strictly to predetermined questions Semi-Structured Interview = Allows flexibility in questioning Focus Group Discussion = Involves multiple participants discussing a topic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phenomenology primarily gathers data through quantitative methods.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of triangulation involves collecting data from different types of people?

    <p>Participant Triangulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to the variable being measured or the outcome variable?

    <p>Dependent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mediation refers to the strength or direction of a relationship between variables.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of qualitative research?

    <p>Understanding the meaning and context of human experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sample is typically larger in quantitative studies, often exceeding _____ participants.

    <p>200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following research methods with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Phenomenology = Studying the lived experiences of individuals Case Study = In-depth analysis of a particular case or situation Ethnography = Understanding cultural practices through observation Grounded Theory = Developing theories based on data collected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is typically used to analyze emotional responses in qualitative research?

    <p>Cool and Warm Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The population refers to a specific group of people within a larger group.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What needs to be implemented to ensure the validity of qualitative research interpretations?

    <p>Member checking or validation protocol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Robotfoto in research?

    <p>To provide a demographic profile of participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Member Checking involves participants verifying the outcomes of the study.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What qualitative analysis technique involves recruiting an independent researcher to validate findings?

    <p>Critical Friend Technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ is the analysis method used in qualitative studies to derive meaning from data.

    <p>Cycle Coding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which validation strategy focuses on reviewing existing literature?

    <p>Triangulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qualitative studies primarily rely on statistics for analysis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one advantage of using the Correspondence method in qualitative research.

    <p>It allows for external validation of findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following qualitative analysis methods with their descriptions:

    <p>Cool and Warm Analysis = Analyzing the emotional tone of data Cycle Coding = Systematic categorization of data Reflective Analysis = Examining personal insights during research Triangulation = Cross-verifying data from multiple sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the method of assessing the truthfulness and trustworthiness of data in research?

    <p>Expert validation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethics in research are prescriptive, meaning they dictate what researchers should and should not do.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the APA Code of Ethics in research?

    <p>To protect participants from harm and ensure ethical conduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ approach is defined as a method that involves a co-researcher's assessment of data trustworthiness.

    <p>critical friend</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Ethics = Guidelines for acceptable behavior in research APA Code of Ethics = Standards for psychological research conduct Prescriptive norms = What researchers should and should not do Restrictive ethics = Guidelines that define limitations in research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason to prioritize ethics in research?

    <p>To gain a competitive advantage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ethical standards upheld by the Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) are not aligned with those of the APA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential risk that researchers must consider regarding their study procedures?

    <p>Harm to participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of debriefing in research studies?

    <p>To remove misconceptions and alleviate harm caused by deception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-plagiarism is when researchers use their previous work without proper citation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do researchers need to provide participants during the debriefing process?

    <p>Ways to contact the researchers about the results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The threshold for citing sources is __ to __ years, depending on research adviser.

    <p>5, 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes data manipulation in research conduct?

    <p>Changing data to better fit the hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the practices with their appropriate definitions:

    <p>Direct Quotation = Rephrasing an original idea as your own. Paraphrasing = Citing verbatim what another author has said. First Authorship = Giving credit to the most significant contributor. Self-Plagiarism = Using your own previous work without proper citation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is acceptable to use common facts and not cite them.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically determines the order of authorship in published scholarly journals?

    <p>The amount of contribution to the work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines 'grit'?

    <p>A combination of passion and perseverance for long-term goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is acceptable to omit data points to achieve desired research outcomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered plagiarism?

    <p>Using or representing the work of others and claiming it as your own.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the act of creating made-up data points.

    <p>Fabrication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of research misconduct with their definitions:

    <p>Fabrication = Creating made-up data points Falsification = Altering or misrepresenting data Fishing = Conducting analysis until a significant result is achieved Plagiarism = Using someone else's work as your own</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common threshold for a phrase to be flagged as plagiarism?

    <p>4 to 5 words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Citing sources is only necessary for original ideas that are being used.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one danger of plagiarism.

    <p>Stealing someone else’s intellectual property.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Methods - Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches

    • Gathering Data: Data collection methods differ based on the research design and approach (quantitative or qualitative).
      • Quantitative methods often use numbers, surveys, and experiments.
      • Qualitative methods include interviews, focus groups, and case studies.
    • Quantitative Approach:
      • Number of Variables: Too many variables in a study make it less manageable and less reliable. Researchers should carefully narrow down variables.
      • Population and Sample: Researchers need to define the target population and a representative sample. Quantitative samples are typically larger (n > 200).
      • Tools Used: Existing questionnaires are preferred, ensuring reliability (Cronbach's Alpha ≥ 0.75). Understanding scoring systems for accurate data interpretation is essential.
      • Mode of Analysis: Determine the method (comparing, contrasting, predicting, between/multiple groups) before data collection. This ensures the collected data aligns with the chosen analysis method and prevents unnecessary repetition or re-design of the study. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) can be useful, especially in testing development.
    • Qualitative Approach:
      • Phenomenon/Context: Qualitative research explores various contexts like phenomenology, case studies, ethnography, and grounded theory. Formulate clear research questions.
      • Population and Sample: Qualitative samples are smaller (n = 1-15). Inclusion and exclusion criteria help define the sample.
      • Instruments: Qualitative studies use varied methods like interviews (structured, semi-structured), focus groups, and document reviews (historical documents). Qualitative data is highly subjective; thus, interpretation may vary.
      • Mode of Analysis: Tools involve cool and warm analysis, cycle coding, reflexive analysis, and triangulation.

    Ethical Principles in Research

    • Ethics: Ethical norms differentiate acceptable from unacceptable research practices. Ethical research respects participants and avoids harm.
    • Ethics in Research:
      • APA Code of Ethics: The American Psychological Association's code of ethics is a benchmark for research conduct. Principles include beneficence (doing good and avoiding harm), fidelity and responsibility (trustworthiness), integrity, justice (fairness), and respect for people's rights and dignity.
      • Informed Consent: All research participants need to give their informed consent on participating, including any risks or benefits.
      • Deception: While sometimes permissible, deception within a psychological or sociological study should be used cautiously.
      • Coercion: Participants should not feel pressure to participate, nor should coercion occur.
      • Anonymity: Participants' identities should be protected.
      • Risk: Participants should not face undue physical or emotional harm.
      • Debriefing: Researchers should thoroughly explain the study's processes to participants.
    • Research Misconduct: Avoiding plagiarism, fabrication, and falsification of results is crucial. Careful data collection and reporting are required. Replicating someone else's work or results is considered plagiarism.

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    BES 31411 Research Methods PDF

    Description

    Explore the key concepts in research methods focusing on quantitative and qualitative approaches. Learn about data collection, variable management, sample size, and analysis tools crucial for effective research design. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how these methods differ and their practical applications.

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