Practical Research 1 Lesson 2: Nature of Research PDF

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 (QUALITATIVE RESEARCH) LESSON 2 NATURE OF RESEARCH ELENA D. MAGALLANES, M.A.Ed. Research Teacher  DESIRED Learning Outcomes At the end of the week, the learners shall have been able to...

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 (QUALITATIVE RESEARCH) LESSON 2 NATURE OF RESEARCH ELENA D. MAGALLANES, M.A.Ed. Research Teacher  DESIRED Learning Outcomes At the end of the week, the learners shall have been able to: 1. share research experiences and knowledge 2. explain the importance of research in daily life 3. describe characteristics, processes, and ethics of research 4. differentiate quantitative from qualitative research 5. provide examples of research in areas of interest (arts, humanities, sports, science, business, agriculture and fisheries, information and communication technology, and social inquiry)  Meaning of Research  Research is a process of executing various mental acts for discovering and examining facts and information to prove the accuracy or truthfulness of your claims or conclusions about the topic of your research.  Research is analogous to inquiry in that both involve investigation of something through questioning.  Meaning of Research  The meaning of research is more complicated than inquiry because it does not center mainly on raising questions about the topic, but also on carrying out a particular order of research stages.  Each stage of the research process is not an individual task because the knowledge they obtain through each stage comes not only from themselves, but other people as well.  Similar to inquiry, research involves cooperative learning. It is a process requiring you to work logically or systematically and collaboratively with others.  Definition of Research  Research follows a step-by-step process of investigation that uses a standardized approach in answering questions or solving problems.  Research is continuous undertaking of making known the unknown. It entails an investigation of new facts leading to the discovery of new ideas, methods, or improvements. It is an attempt to widen one’s outlook in life. It always proceeds from the known to the unknown. Thus, the end of research is to arrive at a new truth.  Definition of Research  Research is an investigation following ordered steps leading to a discovery of new information or concepts.  Research is a very careful investigation of something that purports the contribution of additional or new knowledge and wisdom.  Research is a tested approach of thinking and employing validated instruments and steps in order to obtain a more adequate solution to a problem that is otherwise impossible to address under ordinary means.  Characteristics of Research 1. Accuracy. It must give factual and exact data in which should be correctly and appropriately documented or acknowledged in the footnotes, notes, and bibliographical entries. 2. Objectivity. It must deal with facts and not with mere opinions arising from assumptions, generalizations, predictions, or conclusions. 3. Timeliness. It must work on a topic that is fresh, new, and interesting to the present society. 4. Relevance. The topic must be instrumental in improving society or in solving problems affecting the lives of people in a community. 5. Clarity. It must succeed in expressing its central point or discoveries by using simple, direct, concise, and correct language.  Characteristics of Research 6. Systematic. It must take place in an organized or orderly manner. – Macrosystem – composed of chapters – Microsystem – consists of detailed contents of each chapter 7. Ethical. It must be geared toward what are advantageous or beneficial rather than what are detrimental by respecting preferences on matters of confidentiality, independence, or freedom. 8. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. 9. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles. 10. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem. 11. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. 12. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures.  CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH 13. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results. 14. Realistic. It requires you to gather data and obtain as much information about the area of study. 15. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study. Researcher carefully analyses and interprets the gathered data before arriving at a conclusion. The process is conducted in a scientific, systematic, and structured manner using standard methods. It then yields results which are validated accordingly. 16. Original. Research offers practical, innovative, and novel solutions and contributions to different bodies of knowledge. 17. Feasible. Any problem of extraordinary nature that directly or indirectly affects any profession is a feasible problem to study. 18. Research provides possible solutions to real-world problems and offers potential technological advancements and developments. 19. Research is a scholarly work. It follows the highest ethical standards. 20. Research should be valid, reliable, generalizable, and controlled.  Purposes of Research 1. To learn how to work independently. 2. To learn how to work scientifically or systematically. 3. To have an in-depth knowledge of something. 4. To elevate your mental abilities by letting you think in higher-order thinking strategies (HOTS) of inferring, evaluating, synthesizing, appreciating, applying, and creating.  Purposes of Research 5. To improve your reading and writing skills. 6. To be familiar with the basic tools of research and the various techniques of gathering data and of presenting research findings. 7. To free yourself, to a certain extent, from the domination or strong influence of a single textbook or of the professor’s lone viewpoint or spoon- feeding.  IMPORTANCE of Research 1. Research provides a scientific basis for any practice or methodology in any field or discipline. 2. Research is undertaken for the continuous development and further productivity in any field. 3. Research helps develop tools for assessing effectiveness of any practice and operation. 4. Research provides solutions to problems concerning almost all issues encountered in the different areas of work. 5. Research impacts decision-making. 6. Research develops and evaluates alternative approaches to the educational aspects of any discipline. 7. Research aims to advance the personal and professional qualifications of a practitioner.  GOALS FOR CONDUCTING Research 1. To produce evidence-based practice. 2. To establish credibility in the profession. 3. To observe accountability for the profession. 4. To promote cost-effectiveness  Types of Research 1. Based on Application of Research Method  Pure research deals with ideas, principles, or abstract concepts.  Applied research deals with societal problems or issues.  Types of Research 2. Based on Purpose a. Descriptive Research  Aims at defining or giving a verbal portrayal or picture of a person, a thing, an event, a group, or a situation among others.  Centers mainly on the what of the subject of the study; it aims at establishing, describing, or naming what such person or thing is all about. 2. Based on Purpose a. Descriptive Research  One distinctive characteristic of descriptive research lies in its research question. It normally begins with “What is...”  What is the impact of eco-design on the marketability of a product?  What is the right age for undertaking Entrepreneurship Education?  What are the attitudes, values, and motivations of an entrepreneur?  What are the characteristics and features of the financial world?  What are the effects of changes on interest rates, taxation, and inflation on individuals, households, and society? 2. Based on Purpose a. Descriptive Research  The main purpose of descriptive research is to explain the nature or ins and outs of present events or problems in the society by collecting data capable of casting light to such societal issue or problem.  Aside from explaining things, it also validates findings of previous research studies. 2. Based on Purpose b. Correlational Research  It shows relationships or connectedness between two factors, circumstances, or agents called variables that affect the research.  It is concerned with indicating the existence of a relationship and not the causes of such relationship.  Correlation coefficient is the expression used to specify a numerical value to represent the strength and direction of the relationships of variables.  EXAM AMOUNT OF TIME SCORE SPENT FOR SLEEPING b. Types of Correlational Research  Based on changes in variables:  Positive Correlation – if the increase of one variable results in the increase of another variable.  Negative Correlation – if the increase works to decrease the other variable. b. Types of Correlational Research  Based on data collection technique:  Natural Observation – observations of variables happen in a natural environment.  Survey Research – data come from questionnaire survey.  Archival Research – analysis of data collected by others. 2. Based on Purpose c. Explanatory Research  It is also called “causal research” because it focuses on the reasons behind the occurrence of something and on the present or future effects of such happening.  First, it makes you analyze and understand the nature of something.  Second, it establishes the connection of such thing to another one as well as clarifies the pattern or manner of their connectivity.  Third, it gives you the changes resulting from the relationship or connection of these two things. 2. Based on Purpose d. Exploratory Research  It is also known as “formulative research,” and has the purpose of exploring a certain topic, specifically, one that was not given clear explanations or results in previous research studies.  It aims at obtaining clearer understanding of the research problem and formulating exact hypothesis or assumptions to ensure an accurate investigation. 2. Based on Purpose d. Exploratory Research  To a certain extent, it is also called Grounded Theory—one type of qualitative research that makes you discover, during your data collection and analysis, a new theory to support your study. Action Research  It is an ongoing practice of a school, an organization, a community, or any institution for the purpose of obtaining results that will bring about improvements in the system.  Several methods of action research make you observe or interview individuals or groups, take pictures of the subjects, record field notes, let people accomplish survey questionnaire, use videotape recorders, and so on.  Types of Research 3. Based on Types of Data Needed  Qualitative research requires non-numerical data, which means that the research uses content that highlights the human experience.  Quantitative research, involves measurement of data that presents research findings in reference to numerical forms, i.e., using percentages, fractions, and numbers.  Mixed methods research employs the methods of both quantitative and qualitative research. 3. Based on Types of Data Needed  Primary data are obtained through direct observation or contact with people, objects, artifacts, paintings, and the like.  Secondary data, if such data have already been written about or reported on and are available for reading purposes.  Approaches to Research 1. Scientific or positive approach, in which you discover and measure information as well as observe and control variables in an impersonal manner. Data given by these techniques are expressed through numbers, and suitable for quantitative research. 2. Naturalistic approach uses words. This research approach directs you to deal with qualitative data that speak of how people behave toward their surroundings. 3. Triangulation approach is combining these two approaches in designing your research.  Research PROCESS 1. Define your topic. FOUNDATIONS 2. Formulate your problem statement. RESEARCH 3. Determine the theoretical and conceptual frameworks for your study. 4. Conduct a review of related literature (RRL). 5. Develop a research strategy or design. 6. Collect your data (Data collection). METHODOLOGY RESEARCH 7. Validate your research design and analyze your data (Data analysis). 8. Write and revise your research paper. 9. Defending and disseminating the results of your study.  OUTLINE OF THE RESEARCH PAPER CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES CHAPTER III. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ETHICS IN Research  Ethics - a set of moral principles that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.  Research ethics establishes the moral integrity of the researchers as it ensures that the findings of a research study are valid and trustworthy.  Ethics must always be observed when doing research.  Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which educates and monitors researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes the aim of research, such as expanding knowledge and supports the values required for collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness.  IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN Research 1. Ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and credibility. It also fosters values that are essential to collaborative work. Research often involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination among people in different fields or disciplines. The important values include trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. 2. Many of the ethical norms ensure that researchers are held accountable to the public. 3. Adherence to ethical principles helps build public support for research. People are more likely to fund research studies that promote a variety of important moral and social values such as social responsibility, human rights, animal welfare, and health and safety.  ETHICAL PRINCIPLES, CODES, AND POLICIES FOR RESEARCH 1. Honesty. It reports data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, and misrepresent the data. 2. Objectivity. Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research. 3. Integrity. Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action. 4. Carefulness. Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your work and the work of peers. Keep good records of research activities. 5. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.  ETHICAL PRINCIPLES, CODES, AND POLICIES FOR RESEARCH 6. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honor patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate and falsify. 7. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records. 8. Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions. 9. Responsible Publication. Publish to advance research and scholarship, not to advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication. 10. Respect for Colleagues. Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do not outsmart others. 11. Social responsibility. Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES, CODES, AND POLICIES FOR RESEARCH 12. Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students based on sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity. 13. Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole. 14. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies. 15. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments. 16. Human Subjects protection. When conducting a research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and anonymity. 17. Diligence. Determination and careful effort required to carry out a responsibility or to meet a standard of care. 18. Non-maleficence, benevolence, and justice. Any kind of research conducted must do no harm to its human subjects and should be for the benefit or good of human beings.  RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS 1. Human Rights. They are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human behavior and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They constitute a set of rights and duties necessary for the protection of human dignity, inherent to all human beings. 2. Informed Consent. This is required to secure in order protect the rights of the participants in your study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing them as informants and the schedule of one-on- one interview at the convenient time they are available. Participation to the study will be completely voluntary. 3. Voluntary Participation. People must not be coerced into participating in research process. Essentially, this means that prospective research participants must be informed about the procedures and risks involved in research and must give their consent to participate.  RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS 4. Privacy and Confidentiality. It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret and must not be made available to anyone who is not directly involved in the study. It is the ability of an individual to seclude him from disturbance of any research activity. 5. Anonymity. It is the protection of people’s identity through not disclosing their name or not exposing their identity. It is a situation in data gathering activities in which informant’s name is not given nor known. 6. Risk of harm. Participants should be protected from physical, financial, or psychological harm.  FORMS OF RESEARCH MISCONDUCT 1. Plagiarism. The act of using another person’s ideas, works, processes, and results without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of original works, a violation of intellectual property rights. Three different acts that are considered plagiarism: 1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas, 2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and. 3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words. 2. Falsification. The act of maneuvering data in such a way that another person will be inclined to believe that said data is true and correct. 3. Fabrication. The act of inventing or making up data and then reporting it as true.  FORMS OF RESEARCH MISCONDUCT 4. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of copyright-protected material without permission of the copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the rights accorded to the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of a work for a set period of time, are breached by a third party. Examples: a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use. b. Recording movies in a theatre c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission d. Copying software code without giving proper credit e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips 5. Academic Dishonesty. It refers to committing or contributing to dishonest acts by those engaged in teaching, learning, research, and related academic activities, and it applies not just to students, but to everyone in the academic environment.  INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Intellectual property. It refers to creations of the minds: inventions; literary and artistic works; and symbols, names, and images used in commerce. Two categories: 1. Industrial property (patents, trademarks, and industrial design) 2. Copyright (published works) In the Philippines, intellectual property is protected by Republic Act 8293 (Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines). QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Quantitative  collect data in techniques the form of numbers, such as height, weight and age of the person; the daily, monthly or annual income of an employee; and your grades in your academic subjects.  tests hypothesis and makes predictions through measured amounts, and ultimately describes an event by using numerical figures.  The use of statistical analysis to interpret the data guarantees the objectivity of the results.  Advantages. – The use of statistical tool removes certain level of bias. – Variables are operationally defined, the generalizability of findings is high, and can be applied to larger populations. Disadvantages. – Often, explanations and descriptions are narrow. – Interpretation of results are only based on the findings derived from statistical data. QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Qualitative techniques collect data in the form of words or statements. Aims to provide description of characteristics, kind, and quality of subject while interpreting and attempting to understand an event. By using narrative descriptions from in-depth interviews, the purpose of qualitative research is to share perspective that was obtained in this approach.  Advantages – Provides descriptions about real experiences of people – Researcher can expound on the responses. Disadvantages – Statistical procedures cannot be employed. – Small number of participants. – Dependent on subjective view.  EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH INTERVIEW MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST OBSERVATION SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE WITH LIKERT SCALE ITEMS FOCUSED GROUP EXPERIMENT WITH DISCUSSION MEASURABLE VARIABLES CONTENT ANALYSIS POLLS  SAMPLE QUANTITATIVE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE Direction: Read each statement properly. Please answer the question properly and check the box that corresponds your honest answer on the items below. Please do not leave any item unanswered. “Factors Affecting the Difficulty of SHS Students to Speak in English Fluently” RESEARCH INSTRUMENT Name:________________________________(Optional) Sex:______ Age:_____ 5 – Strongly Agree 4 – Agree 3 – Neither Agree nor Disagree 2 – Disagree 1 – Strongly Disagree  Statement 5 4 3 2 1 1. I don’t enjoy reading books, magazines, journals, etc. written in English. 2. I find English as a difficult subject. 3. I don’t normally watch movies dubbed in English. 4. I don’t normally try to find the meaning of the difficult words I encounter using a dictionary. 5. I prefer discussing concepts using my mother tongue or the “Tagalog” language. 6. I find grammar lessons boring. 7. I don’t normally do / pass essay examinations which are instructed to be written in English. 8. I don’t follow the “English Only Policy” imposed by my English teacher in my English class. 9. I don’t normally do oral recitation in our English class. 10. I prefer checking my social media accounts than to read few pages of a book.  Characteristics of Qualitative and Quantitative Qualitative Researches Quantitative Subjective Objective Research questions answer “what” and Research questions answer “how many” or “why” “strength of relationship or difference" Literature review may be done as the study Literature review is usually done before the progresses study Develops theory Tests theory Interpretative Measurable Reports rich narrative, individual Reports statistical analysis interpretation Basic element of analysis is numbers Basic element of analysis is words/ideas Researcher is part of the process Researcher is separate Participants/Informants Subjects/Respondents Context dependent Context free Reasoning is dialectic and inductive Reasoning is logistic and deductive Describes meaning, discovery Establishes relationships and causation Comparison between Qualitative and Quantitative Researches Qualitative Quantitative Processes, feelings, motives Trends, patterns Either unstructured or semi- Structured instruments (e.g. structured instruments (e.g. survey questionnaires with Likert interview schedule, observation scale rated items) guide) Small sample size (purposely Large sample sizes (represents chosen) population) High validity High output replicability Individual differences Group similarities More flexible processes Structured processes Commonly used in Social Commonly used in Sciences Sciences QUALITATIVE RESEARCH usually involves gathering, analysing & interpreting data based on observations made about the participants of the study. aims to interpret meanings, descriptions & symbols. data can be in the form of ideas, actions, symbols, metaphors derived usually from in-depth observations or interviews. The researchers ask the participants to respond to some questions and further probe the answers by giving follow-up questions to get a thorough response to a certain question. There is no definite number of participants required.  Examples of qualitative research topics: Students’ responses and behavior when using multi-media projector in class discussion. The researcher observes on how the students participate and behave when a teacher is using a multi-media projector. Science practices of the Mangyan tribe. These practices can only be known if the researcher observes the tribe on location. Observing their daily activities on the actual place and interviewing the people of the Mangyan tribe are the best techniques to help you collect data about the science practices of the Mangyan tribe. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Research questions are more geared toward measuring hypothesis using statistical tools. The methods are predetermined and structured. Good statistical treatments are important in deciding possible outcomes or conclusions for the success of the research. Follows a certain sample size in the use of the subjects or respondents of the study.  Examples of quantitative research topics: Population rate in Metro Manila in the next 20 years You may get the data from the available statistics and predict the rate in the next 20 years using a statistical formula. Satisfaction rate of Filipinos on the current President Duterte’s performance as President of the Philippines. The researcher can conduct a poll / survey and provide questionnaires to 1,000 Filipinos across the country and coming from different sectors to determine the figure, just like how SWS conducts their surveys.  METHODS USED IN QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Quantitative methods are more structured following a specific procedure and the researcher is separated from the process. Qualitative methods are less structured and use in-depth interviews and observations and the researcher is usually immersed in the setting.  MIXED METHODS RESEARCH It employs the methods of both quantitative and qualitative research. It incorporates different research methodologies, combining the best features of both qualitative and quantitative research. Nowadays, the research trend is geared toward the use of mixed methods because the nature of research has also become more multidisciplinary. EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH IN AREAS OF INTEREST  Arts  Humanities  Sports  Science  Business  Agriculture  Fisheries  Information and Communication Technology  Social Sciences  Many more  Moon Landing Special Theory of Relativity - Proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein, one of the greatest thinkers in history. - This equation formed the basics of modern physics. - This equation says Energy is = to Mass * the Speed of Light squared. - Apollo 11 launched July 16th 1969. - Apollo 11 arrived at the moon on July 20th 1969. - Neil Armstrong was the 1st man to walk on the moon. - The moon landing “won” the space race for the US over the USSR.  DNA Profiling Discovery of Penicillin - The first use of DNA in a court case was back in 1986. - Alec Jeffrys a geneticist from England discovered the - Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin in September 1928. technique in 1984. - Howard Flory and Ernst Chain were able to make his discovery usable in 1940. - Today DNA is used extensively in criminal cases. - Penicillin helped fight infections and saved millions of lives and prevented millions of amputations since its discovery.  Wright Brothers First Flight Jonas Salk discovers the Polio Vaccine - Developed in 1952 by scientist Jonas Salk. - Orville and Wilbur Wright piloted the first powered airplane on - 52,000+ cases of polio were reported in the United States in 1952. December 17th 1903 in North Carolina. By 1962 there were only 886 thanks to the vaccine. - The plane flew for 59 seconds over 852 feet. - In 2013 only 226 cases were reported in the World. - They had been working on it, out of their bicycle shop in Ohio, since 1896.  The Hubble Space Telescope The Personal Computer - Taken into orbit by Nasa in 1990. - The first personal computer named the Programma 101 was - It helped redefine the age of the universe! launched in 1964. - It will still be in service until at least 2014. - The SCAMP IBM computer was the beginning of the modern personal computer. - Today, everyone owns a device that has its roots in the personal computer. from tablets to cell phones.  Global Positioning System (GPS) The Nuclear Bomb - Codenamed Trinity, the first Nuclear bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945. - The first GPS satellite was launched in 1989. - During World War II, The United States dropped two nuclear - Developed by the military, President Reagan made it available bombs on Japan to help end the war. for civilians. - Nuclear weapons and bombs today are as small as a briefcase and - Today there are 24 GPS satellites in orbit. GPS is still in use for the larger ones 10-20x more powerful than the original. both military and private use.  Modern Rocketry Pacemaker - Regulating the beating of the heart, the first implantable pacemaker was given to Arne Larsson in 1958. - Pacemakers can be made for adults, children, even new born babies. It has saved countless lives since its invention. - The first modern rocket was created in 1926 by Robert Goodard. - Some famous people with a pacemaker include Elton John - The German Army used a V-2 rocket during world war 2. At the time the and Julie Bowen from modern family. most advanced rocket ever made. - Today rockets are the basis for space exploration.  Sputnik 1 Nuclear Power - The first Satellite sent off into space, Sputnik 1 was launched on October 4th 1957 by the USSR. - The first nuclear power plant was built on June 27th 1954 in the USSR. - It signaled the beginning of the “space race” between - Nuclear power presently supplies about 10% of the world energy. the United States and the USSR. - There have been 3 disasters at nuclear power plants over the last 35 years, - Sputnik 1 spent three months in orbit before crashing causing the development of it to slow. back to earth.  Electron Microscope Apple II Computer released (1977) - Apple computers was founded by Steve Jobs and was originally operating out of his garage. - The original price tag of the Apple II was $1298 with 4k of Ram or $2638 for 48k or Ram. - One of the 1st computers with a color display and had the BASIC programming language out of the box. - 1st successful home computer mass marketed and released. - The first modern electron microscope was built in 1938. - These microscopes use an electron beam to get their images. - Can magnify up to 10,000,000x.  Refrigerator DNA double helix - The first article about double helix DNA was published in 1953. - DNA is the building block of life. - Developed for home use in 1913. - Today it has wide ranging implications, from criminal trials, cloning, - The very first ones had to be put together by the to medicine. customer. - Refrigerators today are in almost every household in the United States.  Chemotherapy Transistor - The first use of chemotherapy was in 1942 to treat lymphoma. - Chemotherapy works by damaging fast growing cells - Transistors began to be worked on in 1907. In 1953 they became commonplace. (usually cancer cells). - The transistor is a key component in every major electronic device made today. - It’s still the main cancer treatment available today. - It’s used in everything from TV's, cars, computers and cell phones just to name a few.  The Internet The Mars Rovers - Research began on the internet back in the 1960’s and was called ARPANET. - In 1982 TCP/IP network calls became the standard and - The United States has launched 4 successful Mars Rovers since July the internet began to grow. 4th 1997. - The internet, as we know it, became commercial in 1995 - The last one “Curiosity” landed in 2012 and is still operating. and has grown into what all of us use today. - “Curiosity” has found evidence that there was once water on Mars.  The Big Bang Theory Integrated Circuit (Microchip) - The first working integrated circuit was developed by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce in 1958. - It combined electronic parts into one circuit. This made it - George Lemaitre first proposed the theory in 1927. possible for electronics to be made smaller. - The theory describes the early development of the universe. - Today integrated circuits (microchips) are part of every - Today there are many different theories about the universe off the initial big electronical device we use. bang theory proposed by Lemaitre.  Aqualung Compact Discs - Developed by Philips and Sony in the mid 1970’s and made commercially available in 1983. - The first underwater breathing unit, made in Paris in 1943. - The compact disc changed the way information would be - It was the father of modern scuba and deep water diving gear. exchanged. - Modern scuba gear has helped greatly in our understanding and - It led to the growth of personal computers, and helped many discoveries of the planets oceans. different industries store information. Radiocarbon Dating Microwave Oven - William Libby proposed that decay in the element Carbon-14 could be used to determine the age of organic material. - He published a paper in 1949 that began radiocarbon dating. - Today it is the standard for dating how old anything with organic material is. - Invented by Percy Spencer in 1946. - 90% of people in the United States currently own a microwave oven. - It made food preparation easier and led to the sale and creation of frozen dinners.  SaMPLE Research TOPICS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  Determination of the efficiency (in %) of silica-based nanocomposites for fuel cell applications  The influence of carrageenan as soil additive on the growth (measured in height) of agricultural plants  Characterization and cytotoxicity (measured in weight) of new biomedical devices with selective peptide recognition properties QUALITATIVE RESEARCH  Palaweños’ perception of proposed eco-tourism projects in Palawan  Integration of gender equality in the curriculum design of a school  Study habits and practices of honor students  MORE SaMPLE Research TOPICS  Students’ Perceptions on the Extent of Online Games and Applications Among Students  Factors affecting Students’ Choice of Course  Factors Affecting the Habitual Absences of Grade 11 Students  Teachers’ Perceptions of the Most Prevalent Classroom Misbehaviors Among SHS Students  Effects of Online Learning to the School Expenses of Grade 12 Students  Experience and Coping Mechanisms of Students in Online Learning Modality  Effects of Poor Internet Connectivity to the Student’s Academic Performance  Stress Management Strategies of Grade 12 Students towards Online Class  Research Hugot of the Day Halos lahat pwedeng malaman through research. Kagaya ng “Bakit masarap ang bawal?”, “Bakit nauso ang salitang SANA ALL, AT PASENSIYA KA NA HA, GOD BLESS”, “Bakit masarap ang mangga at bagoong? “Bakit mabaho ang utot?” Ang hindi lang masasasagot ng kahit anong research ay kung MAHAL KA RIN BA NIYA???!!! BOOOOM!!!  References Apodaca, D.D.C. (2019). Practical Research 1. Makati City, Philippines: DIWA Learning Systems Inc. Baraceros, E.L. (2019). Practical Research 1. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc. Cristobal, A.P. & De la Cruz-Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines: C&E Publishing, Inc. Department of Education (2016). Practical Research 1 Teacher’s Guide. Philippines. Other sources: Famous scientific achievements/inventions of the 20th Century PPT by [email protected] https://www.niu.edu/academic-integrity/faculty/types/index.shtml Pictures were taken from Google Images GOOD JOB, STUDENT RESEARCHERS! 