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Questions and Answers
What is the first step in the McMaster quantitative test?
What is the first step in the McMaster quantitative test?
The McMaster test is used for qualitative analysis of parasites.
The McMaster test is used for qualitative analysis of parasites.
False
What is the purpose of quantitative tests in parasite analysis?
What is the purpose of quantitative tests in parasite analysis?
To provide accurate counting of parasites.
Which of the following conditions can lead to physiological proteinuria? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following conditions can lead to physiological proteinuria? (Select all that apply)
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In the McMaster test, _____ grams of feces are added to 28ml of water.
In the McMaster test, _____ grams of feces are added to 28ml of water.
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Match the following steps with their corresponding actions in the McMaster test:
Match the following steps with their corresponding actions in the McMaster test:
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Emotional stress can cause a temporary increase in glomerular permeability.
Emotional stress can cause a temporary increase in glomerular permeability.
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Name one physiological condition that can lead to proteinuria in neonates.
Name one physiological condition that can lead to proteinuria in neonates.
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During ______ in cows, there may be a temporary increase in protein levels in urine.
During ______ in cows, there may be a temporary increase in protein levels in urine.
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Match the physiological conditions with their associated effects on glomerular permeability:
Match the physiological conditions with their associated effects on glomerular permeability:
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What term refers to bacteria that can decolorize a stain?
What term refers to bacteria that can decolorize a stain?
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Negative bacteria can penetrate the organism.
Negative bacteria can penetrate the organism.
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What is the role of negative bacteria in staining?
What is the role of negative bacteria in staining?
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Negative bacteria are known to ________ a stain.
Negative bacteria are known to ________ a stain.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What is the purpose of preparing a culture plate containing routine culture media?
What is the purpose of preparing a culture plate containing routine culture media?
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A culture plate can contain nutrients or blood agar to support the growth of bacteria.
A culture plate can contain nutrients or blood agar to support the growth of bacteria.
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What type of antibiotic should be included in the culture preparation?
What type of antibiotic should be included in the culture preparation?
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A culture plate usually contains _______ media to support the growth of bacteria.
A culture plate usually contains _______ media to support the growth of bacteria.
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Match the type of culture media with its characteristic:
Match the type of culture media with its characteristic:
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What is the minimum distance that should be maintained between each selective antibiotic disc on the plate?
What is the minimum distance that should be maintained between each selective antibiotic disc on the plate?
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The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is a measure used to determine the effectiveness of an antibiotic.
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is a measure used to determine the effectiveness of an antibiotic.
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What is the significance of maintaining a specific distance between antibiotic discs on an agar plate?
What is the significance of maintaining a specific distance between antibiotic discs on an agar plate?
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The MIC stands for _____ concentration, which is crucial in determining antibiotic effectiveness.
The MIC stands for _____ concentration, which is crucial in determining antibiotic effectiveness.
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Which urine color is associated with bilirubinuria?
Which urine color is associated with bilirubinuria?
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Diuretics are directly proportional to urine volume.
Diuretics are directly proportional to urine volume.
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What is the normal specific gravity (Sp.Gr) of urine?
What is the normal specific gravity (Sp.Gr) of urine?
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A sweet fruity odor in urine may indicate the presence of __________.
A sweet fruity odor in urine may indicate the presence of __________.
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Match the urine odor with its associated condition:
Match the urine odor with its associated condition:
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Which of the following conditions may result in oliguria?
Which of the following conditions may result in oliguria?
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Low temperatures increase specific gravity of urine.
Low temperatures increase specific gravity of urine.
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Name one method used to measure specific gravity of urine.
Name one method used to measure specific gravity of urine.
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Normal specific gravity of urine for a healthy individual is approximately __________.
Normal specific gravity of urine for a healthy individual is approximately __________.
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Which of the following is NOT a chemical examination parameter of urine?
Which of the following is NOT a chemical examination parameter of urine?
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Study Notes
Practical Clinical Pathology
- Clinical Pathology involves analysis of bodily fluids and tissues for diagnosis
- Indications of Urine analysis include urolithiasis, painful urination, renal colic, oliguria, polyuria, red urine (pyuria), dehydration, and renal failure.
- Urine sample collection methods include voided urine, catheterization, cystocentesis, and collection in cages, depending on the animal and circumstances.
Sample Collection, Preservation, and Physical Examination
- Voided Urine (Normal Urination): Clean the prepuce/vulva, discard the first drop of urine to avoid contamination. Collect a midstream sample for microbiological examination.
- External Pressure on U.B: Avoid urolithiasis by not applying too much pressure; use local analgesia and suitable catheters..
- Catheterization: Use sterile lubricants and suitable size catheters, avoiding unnecessary trauma. Ensure patient safety, especially in animals with thrombocytopenia.
- Collection Time: Urine samples are ideally collected in the early morning.
- Preservation Methods: Formalin (40%), boric acid, and metaphosphoric acid are used for preservation.
- Physical Examination of Urine: Color, volume, transparency, foam, odor, and specific gravity are assessed for abnormal findings.
Volume
- Sample collected over 24 hours (e.g., bovine 20-40ml/kg body weight/24 hrs)
- Anuria (absence of urine output) vs. Dysuria (painful urination)
- Important factors affecting volume include age, climate, exercise, and water/feed intake
- Important clinical conditions for volume analysis include high water intake, parental injection, and Chronic interstitial Nephritis.
Color
- Urine color ranges from pale yellow to dark yellow; other abnormal colors could indicate various conditions as referenced in the text.
Odor
- Normal urine has a slightly aromatic odor; abnormal odors could indicate bacterial action on urea, ketone bodies, or other metabolic problems.
pH
- pH varies based on species and diet.
- Acidic urine is common in carnivores.
- Alkaline urine is typically found in herbivores
Protein
- Normal urine is normally protein-free.
- Physiological proteinuria occurs due to temporary increase in glomerular permeability in cases like estrus in cows or pregnancy, and newborns.
Glucose
- Normally glucose is absent in urine.
- Glucose can appear if blood glucose exceeds 180 mg/dL (renal threshold for glucose)
- Transient glucosuria can occur with excessive carb intake, stress, or certain conditions (like anesthetics in ruminants).
Ketone Bodies
- Presence of ketone bodies in the urine can indicate metabolic conditions like high-fat diets, ketosis, pregnancy toxemia, diabetes mellitus, and starvation/fasting.
Bilirubin
- Normally conjugated bilirubin is not present in the urine.
- Bilirubinuria may indicate issues such as biliary obstruction, liver disease, or hemolysis.
Urobilinogen
- Elevated urobilinogen can suggest intrahepatic or hemolytic jaundice, however absence suggests biliary obstruction.
Blood/Hb/Myoglobin
- Hematuria (blood in urine) can originate from inflammation in the urinary tract, from certain kidney ailments, from trauma, or estrus in bitches.
- Hemoglobinuria (free hemoglobin in urine) can occur with certain conditions such as post-parturient hemoglobinuria, bacterial infection (e.g., C. perfringens), and infectious diseases.
- Myoglobinuria (myoglobin in urine) might indicate severe conditions, and is also associated with certain conditions like muscle damage, and equine azotemia.
Ascorbic Acid
- Ascorbic acid in urine can lead to false negative results in glucose tests.
Nitrite
- Positive results in nitrite tests are indicative of bacterial infections due to bacterial reduction of nitrate to nitrite
Leukocyte Esterase
- Pink color indicates presence of pus cells (pyuria) as a result of inflammation.
Indican
- Indican is a derivative of indol metabolism, and is associated with conditions like malabsorption, constipation, or enteritis.
Casts, Crystals, and Macroscopical Examination
- Casts and crystals in urine can suggest various kidney or urinary tract diseases.
- Hyaline casts are usually nothing to worry about, while others (like granular, waxy, fatty, erythrocytic, leukocytic, and epithelial casts) indicate different severities of issues.
- Bacteria are not normally present in the urine and are usually a result of infection.
Fecal Examination
- Fecal examination focuses on detecting parasites.
- Specific tests including sedimentation test, floatation test, direct smear, McMaster, and Baermann method are used to diagnose parasites.
- Presence of certain parasites in feces could signify various gastrointestinal ailments, for example.
Culture and Sensitivity and Serological Tests
- Key tools used in microbiology to diagnose infections, and to analyze patient responses to different treatments.
- Disc diffusion technique and tube dilution technique determine antibiotic sensitivity.
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Description
Test your knowledge on clinical pathology with a focus on urine analysis and sample collection techniques. This quiz covers key indications for urine analysis, methods of collection, and best practices to avoid contamination. Perfect for students aiming to deepen their understanding of veterinary clinical procedures.
