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Questions and Answers
Ketone bodies can be detected in urine only during severe dehydration.
Ketone bodies can be detected in urine only during severe dehydration.
False (B)
Bilirubin in urine indicates the presence of liver disease or biliary obstruction.
Bilirubin in urine indicates the presence of liver disease or biliary obstruction.
True (A)
Urobilinogen levels decrease during excessive hemolysis.
Urobilinogen levels decrease during excessive hemolysis.
False (B)
Bilirubinuria is not generally found in cases of hemolytic jaundice.
Bilirubinuria is not generally found in cases of hemolytic jaundice.
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The color of the ketone test ranges from purple to buff-pink.
The color of the ketone test ranges from purple to buff-pink.
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Glucose is a component tested for using Multistix strips in urine analysis.
Glucose is a component tested for using Multistix strips in urine analysis.
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Urethra links the kidney to the bladder.
Urethra links the kidney to the bladder.
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The reactions from urine tests can only be read visually without any tools.
The reactions from urine tests can only be read visually without any tools.
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The urine analysis is regarded as quantitative.
The urine analysis is regarded as quantitative.
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The bladder serves as a storehouse for urine.
The bladder serves as a storehouse for urine.
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Protein is not tested for using Multistix strips.
Protein is not tested for using Multistix strips.
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Renal function includes regulating the composition and volume of body fluids.
Renal function includes regulating the composition and volume of body fluids.
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Urine is composed of approximately 90% water.
Urine is composed of approximately 90% water.
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Specific gravity measures the density of urine relative to the density of air.
Specific gravity measures the density of urine relative to the density of air.
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The presence of protein in urine usually indicates normal renal concentration.
The presence of protein in urine usually indicates normal renal concentration.
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Urinalysis can be used for routine medical examinations and monitoring diseases.
Urinalysis can be used for routine medical examinations and monitoring diseases.
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A specific gravity (sg) of 1.025 typically indicates normal renal concentration.
A specific gravity (sg) of 1.025 typically indicates normal renal concentration.
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Specific gravity is not relevant in assessing the degree of glucosuria.
Specific gravity is not relevant in assessing the degree of glucosuria.
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Urine chemistry strip tests do not include measurement of pH.
Urine chemistry strip tests do not include measurement of pH.
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The preferable sample for measuring specific gravity should be urine that has been in the bladder for at least 2 hours.
The preferable sample for measuring specific gravity should be urine that has been in the bladder for at least 2 hours.
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Leucocytes are one of the components tested in standard urine chemistry strip tests.
Leucocytes are one of the components tested in standard urine chemistry strip tests.
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Proteinuria is a condition that is only associated with diabetes mellitus.
Proteinuria is a condition that is only associated with diabetes mellitus.
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Haematuria indicates the presence of blood in urine.
Haematuria indicates the presence of blood in urine.
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The renal threshold for glucose is approximately 5 mmol/l.
The renal threshold for glucose is approximately 5 mmol/l.
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Jaundice can be caused by conditions such as Schistosomiasis.
Jaundice can be caused by conditions such as Schistosomiasis.
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Contaminated urine can lead to false negative reactions in glucometry tests.
Contaminated urine can lead to false negative reactions in glucometry tests.
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Ketone bodies are produced during fat metabolism when glucose is absent.
Ketone bodies are produced during fat metabolism when glucose is absent.
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Eclampsia is defined by low blood pressure and kidney function.
Eclampsia is defined by low blood pressure and kidney function.
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False positive reactions in urine tests may occur due to disinfectants containing ammonium compounds.
False positive reactions in urine tests may occur due to disinfectants containing ammonium compounds.
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Sickle cell disease is associated with haemoglobinuria.
Sickle cell disease is associated with haemoglobinuria.
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The enzyme glucose oxidase catalyzes the transformation of glucose into acetone.
The enzyme glucose oxidase catalyzes the transformation of glucose into acetone.
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Low urine specific gravity indicates an inability of the kidney to concentrate urine with values ranging from 1.001 to 1.003.
Low urine specific gravity indicates an inability of the kidney to concentrate urine with values ranging from 1.001 to 1.003.
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High urine specific gravity can result from excessive water loss and can reach values as high as 1.050 in cases of diabetes mellitus.
High urine specific gravity can result from excessive water loss and can reach values as high as 1.050 in cases of diabetes mellitus.
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The pH of normal freshly passed urine is typically around 8.0.
The pH of normal freshly passed urine is typically around 8.0.
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Methyl red and bromthymol blue are indicators used in urine pH testing that provide colors from orange to blue.
Methyl red and bromthymol blue are indicators used in urine pH testing that provide colors from orange to blue.
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Proximal tubular dysfunction leads to an elevation of hydrogen ions in the urine.
Proximal tubular dysfunction leads to an elevation of hydrogen ions in the urine.
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Alkaline urine causes the precipitation of uric acid.
Alkaline urine causes the precipitation of uric acid.
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Diet and renal tubular function are factors that influence urine pH.
Diet and renal tubular function are factors that influence urine pH.
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Diabetes insipidus can lead to the high urine specific gravity of 1.050.
Diabetes insipidus can lead to the high urine specific gravity of 1.050.
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Renal disease can be diagnosed using urine pH as an important screening test.
Renal disease can be diagnosed using urine pH as an important screening test.
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The balance of acids and bases in the body has no effect on urine pH.
The balance of acids and bases in the body has no effect on urine pH.
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Study Notes
Diagnostic Indications of Urinalysis
- Urinalysis is a series of tests on urine (chemistry and microscopy) to determine the nature, causes, and prognosis of diseases.
- Urinalysis has applications in routine medical examinations, screening and preventive medicine, and monitoring diseases and their treatments.
Macroscopic Examination
- Examination of urine color and appearance are part of urinalysis.
- Urine color and appearance testing uses commercial disposable test strips, like Multistix 10 SG/COMBI-10.
Chemical Examination of Urine Using Test Strips
- Tests for glucose, bilirubin, ketones, specific gravity, blood, pH, protein, urobilinogen, nitrite, and leukocyte esterase.
- Results from test strips are considered semi-quantitative.
- Proper handling of urine samples and use of the correct test strips are crucial.
Urine Collection and Preparation for Testing
- Urine specimens are collected in clean, dry containers.
- The Multistix strip is immersed in the urine sample, covering all areas and then run against the rim of the container to remove excess urine.
- The strip is held horizontally and read visually or automatically.
- Results are compared to a chart and recorded. The strip is then discarded.
Diagnostic Indications of Urine Chemistry Tests
- Diagnostic: A method for finding physical or mental problems a person has.
- Indication: A sign, or a condition that something will happen is true or exists.
- Diagnostic Indication: A determination of a condition based on urine chemistry test results.
Renal Structure and Functions
- Kidney (Nephron and Tubules): Regulates body fluid volume and composition, maintains homeostasis.
- Ureter: Connects the kidney to the bladder.
- Bladder: Stores urine.
- Urethra: Connects the bladder to the outside of the body.
- Substances normally reabsorbed or excreted in small amounts may appear in large amounts in the urine during disease.
- Substances normally removed might be reabsorbed.
Nephron Structure and Function
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Reabsorbs water, ions, and nutrients.
- Renal Corpuscle: Produces filtrate.
- Loop of Henle: Reabsorbs water and solutes. - Distal Convoluted Tubule: Regulates water and electrolyte balance.
- Collecting Duct: Concentrates urine.
What is Urine?
- Urine is a waste product of the body, composed primarily of water (about 95%).
- It also contains electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate) and metabolic wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine).
- Urine production and composition depend on glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
Urine pH
- Normal freshly voided urine is slightly acidic (pH 6.0), but can range from 4.5 to 8.0.
- Urine pH depends on acid–base balance, water balance, diet, and renal tubular function.
- Urine pH can be elevated in conditions associated with high acid loss (e.g., severe vomiting), or acidosis, while low pH can be seen with conditions like severe diarrheal illness.
Urine Specific Gravity (SG)
- Specific gravity is a measurement of urine density compared to water.
- It's an indicator of the amount of dissolved solids (solutes) in urine, reflecting hydration status and concentrating ability of the kidneys.
- Normal values are typically between 1.003 and 1.030
- Low specific gravity may indicate a concentrating defect, while high SG (>1.025) suggests urine is very concentrated
Microscopic Examination of Urine
- Microscopic examination is a standard practice in many laboratories, even if chemical tests are normal.
- The examination focuses on identifying formed elements (casts, cells, bacteria, yeast, parasites, and crystals) in the centrifuged urine sediment.
- Specific microscopic techniques and procedures exist for detailed analysis.
Urine Testing Overview
- Various urine components like glucose, proteins, ketones, bile pigments, formed elements,and crystals are commonly examined using both macroscopic and microscopic analysis.
- Each component has specific significance in terms of disease diagnosis or detection of other issues.
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Description
Test your knowledge on urine analysis, focusing on the significance of ketone bodies, bilirubin, and urobilinogen levels. This quiz covers important indicators of dehydration, liver disease, and hemolysis. Challenge yourself to understand the biochemical implications of these urine components.
