Potatoes and Slavery: Historical Insights
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Questions and Answers

What was the initial reaction to potatoes in Europe during the 16th century?

  • They were cultivated for industrial use.
  • They were primarily used as a decorative plant in royal gardens.
  • They were viewed with suspicion and believed to cause various illnesses. (correct)
  • They were immediately embraced as a nutritious food source.
  • Approximately how many formerly enslaved African Americans are estimated to have reached Canada between 1800 and 1860?

  • 30,000 - 40,000 (correct)
  • 10,000 - 20,000
  • 50,000 - 60,000
  • 1,000 - 5,000
  • In what year did the potato become widely grown in the US?

  • 1800
  • 1771
  • 1719 (correct)
  • 1600
  • In what year did the British Empire abolish the slave trade?

    <p>1807 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Antoine-Auguste Parmentier play in promoting the potato in France?

    <p>He convinced Louis XVI to grow potatoes to demonstrate their value. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event led to the wider cultivation of potatoes by French farmers after Parmentier's promotion?

    <p>Farmers stole potatoes from the guarded fields during a lapse in security. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Canadian province was formerly known as Upper Canada?

    <p>Ontario (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dish is named in honor of Antoine-Auguste Parmentier's efforts in popularizing the potato?

    <p>Potage Parmentier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these locations were a terminus of the Underground Railroad?

    <p>Kingston (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of squash?

    <p>Bolivia and surrounding areas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what year did the British Empire fully abolish slavery?

    <p>1834 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the squash plant is sometimes used in cuisine?

    <p>The male blossom (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common variety of South American squash?

    <p>The text does not provide information about common varieties of South American squash. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about vanilla compared to other members of its plant family?

    <p>It is the only edible member of the orchid family. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did the term 'maize' originate?

    <p>Spanish explorers learned it from indigenous Caribbean tribes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Huitlacoche?

    <p>A fungus that grows on corn and is considered a delicacy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common form of corn?

    <p>Couscous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, from what did the cacao tree originate?

    <p>A Maize God's Body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which groups consumed drinking chocolate?

    <p>Nobles, warriors, and Aztec emperors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do farmers typically dislike huitlacoche?

    <p>It destroys the corn crop. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was chocolate typically served with?

    <p>Tobacco (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fruits are mentioned as originating from the Andes?

    <p>Cape gooseberry and cherimoya (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agricultural technique did the Aztecs develop to create fertile land?

    <p>Chinampas, or floating fields (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the 'three sisters farming' technique used by the Mayans?

    <p>To maximize land use and soil moisture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the Aztecs build their capital city, Tenochtitlan, on an island in the middle of a lake?

    <p>Because of a prophecy involving an eagle and a cactus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following crops was not one of the 'three sisters' in Mayan farming?

    <p>Potatoes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following spices did the Mayans use for seasoning?

    <p>Cinnamon and cloves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides building chinampas, what other engineering feats did the Aztecs accomplish?

    <p>Constructing roads above the lake water and draining swamps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the corn stalks play in the 'three sisters farming' method?

    <p>They served as a trellis for the beans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately what was the estimated pre-contact population range of Native Americans?

    <p>10-113 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Around what year did the Native American population reach its lowest estimated point after European contact?

    <p>1900 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one method used to intentionally harm Native American communities in the late 1800s?

    <p>Distributing blankets from smallpox patients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did residential school systems have on Native American communities?

    <p>They destroyed families and culture. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a common experience for Native Americans in the 20th century?

    <p>Widespread civil rights violations and discrimination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals was brought from Europe, Africa & Asia to the Americas?

    <p>Cattle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following grains was brought from Europe, Africa & Asia to the Americas?

    <p>Wheat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vegetable, herb, or spice was brought from Europe, Africa & Asia to the Americas?

    <p>Cilantro (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fruit was brought from Europe, Africa & Asia to the Americas?

    <p>Apple (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was an act of violence encouraged against the Penobscot people?

    <p>Paying European settlers for each Penobscot person killed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the data, which of the following time periods saw the largest increase in the number of immigrants?

    <p>1980-1990 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the 'Melting Pot' concept in the USA, as suggested in the content?

    <p>A narrowing gap between urban and rural settings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the listed holidays is associated with the dominant religion in the USA, according to the provided information?

    <p>Christmas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Justice Anthony Kennedy's rationale for supporting 'independent political spending'?

    <p>It aligns with the First Amendment right to free speech. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided graphs, what was the approximate proportion of immigrants in the USA in 1970?

    <p>0.4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential negative outcome regarding 'independent spending' was identified after the relevant ruling?

    <p>It could lead to increased political corruption. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cultural outcomes is presented in the content as a result of immigration in the USA?

    <p>Broadening holiday spectrum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assumption regarding 'independent spending' during elections did justices make when voting with the majority?

    <p>It cannot be corrupt and that the spending would be transparent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Introduction of Potato

    Spanish brought the potato to Europe after conquering Inca Empire in the 16th century.

    Initial Perception of Potatoes

    Europeans initially saw potatoes as dangerous and connected to various ailments.

    Widespread Adoption in US

    The potato became widely grown in the US starting in 1719.

    Parmentier's Influence

    Antoine-Auguste Parmentier promoted the potato's benefits to Louis XVI in France.

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    Famine Relief Properties

    Parmentier studied how potatoes could alleviate famine in France.

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    Potage Parmentier

    A soup made from potatoes named after Parmentier.

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    Origin of Squash

    Squash originated in Bolivia and nearby regions around 500 BC.

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    Uses of Squash Blossoms

    The male blossom of squash is used in various cuisines.

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    Indigenous Fruits of the Andes

    Fruits that are originally from the Andes Mountains, including Cape gooseberry, pepino, tamarillo, and cherimoya.

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    Three Sisters Farming

    A farming method used by Mayans involving corn, beans, and squash planted together for efficient growth.

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    Chinampas

    Floating agricultural fields invented by the Aztecs for farming on lakes using irrigation ditches.

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    Tenochtitlan

    The capital city of the Aztec Empire, built on an island in a lake with a unique urban design.

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    Aztec Calendar

    A system of timekeeping and a significant artifact of the Aztec culture reflecting their understanding of astronomy.

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    Efficient Farming

    A method of agriculture that minimizes effort and maximizes output, exemplified by Mayan practices.

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    Crops of the Aztecs

    Important agricultural products of the Aztecs, including corn, beans, and squash, which were essential for their diet.

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    Role of Bees in Agriculture

    Bees were acknowledged in Aztec culture, used in honey production and pollination of crops.

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    Slavery in British North America

    The practice of slavery existed in British North America (now Canada) from the 1500s to the 1800s.

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    Upper Canada Act of 1793

    An act passed in Upper Canada to gradually end slavery.

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    Underground Railroad

    A network aiding escaped enslaved individuals from the U.S. to Canada.

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    Abolition of Slavery in 1834

    The year when slavery was officially abolished in the British Empire.

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    Buxton, Ontario

    A community in Ontario known for its success in helping Black refugees from the U.S.

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    Vanilla

    The only edible member of the orchid family, used in perfumes and flavoring.

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    Origin of Vanilla

    Originated in lowland tropical forests of Central and Northern South America.

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    Pollination of Vanilla

    Vanilla flowers open for 8 hours and must be hand-pollinated before closing.

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    Corn Etymology

    The term corn originally referred to any grain; maize comes from Spanish.

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    Domestication of Corn

    Corn was domesticated in central Mexico around 3400 BCE.

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    Uses of Corn

    Commonly used in tamales, tacos, and tortillas.

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    Huitlacoche

    A fungus on corn considered a delicacy, starts white then turns black.

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    Drinking Chocolate

    Chocolate was a beverage for nobles and warriors, served at banquets.

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    Immigrant Growth Over Time

    The number of immigrants in the US increased significantly from 1970 to 2010, reaching about 35 million.

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    Melting Pot Concept

    The U.S. is known for its melting pot identity, where diverse cultures blend and create fusion.

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    Christianity in the USA

    Christianity is the religion with the largest representation in the United States.

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    Independent Political Spending Ruling

    The court ruled that limiting independent spending by corporations violates the First Amendment.

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    Justice Anthony Kennedy's Opinion

    Justice Kennedy argued that independent political spending cannot be corrupt and should be transparent.

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    Religious Holidays in the U.S.

    Major religious holidays in the U.S. include Christmas, Easter, and Thanksgiving.

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    Demographic Changes

    There is a broadening of holiday spectrums and fading regional food distinctions due to immigration.

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    Economic and Social Impacts of Immigration

    Immigration impacts urban and rural settings differently, contributing to societal changes.

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    Genocide of Indigenous Peoples

    The systematic destruction of Native American communities and cultures in the Americas.

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    Pre-contact population estimates

    Estimates suggest over 10-113 million Native Americans lived in the Americas before European contact.

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    Population decline by 1900

    By 1900, the estimated Native American population was under 300,000 due to genocidal practices.

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    Smallpox blankets

    Blankets infected with smallpox were deliberately given to Native Americans to spread disease.

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    Penobscot killings

    European settlers were incentivized with payments for killing Penobscot individuals.

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    Destruction of food systems

    Intentional actions taken to ruin the food sources of Native Americans.

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    Residential School systems

    Schools designed to assimilate Native American children, destroying families and cultures.

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    Civil rights violations

    Widespread discrimination and denial of rights against Native Americans, prevalent in the 20th century.

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    Transatlantic exchange of food

    The movement of crops, animals, and food practices between the Old World and the Americas.

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    Examples of crops brought to America

    New food types like barley, wheat, and various veggies were introduced from Europe, Africa, and Asia.

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    Study Notes

    The Americas

    • South and Central America
    • United States of America

    Food History of the Americas, Part 2

    • Pre-Columbian America
    • Inca (South America)
    • Aztecs and Mayans (Central America)
    • Cahokia (North America)
    • Agriculture organization, importance of corn, three sisters, cacao, humble potato, quinoa, Chile vanilla
    • How big civilizations fell
    • The Columbian Exchange
    • Ingredients originating in the Americas
    • Ingredients originating from outside America
    • The United States
    • Historical background, slavery, modern food scene
    • The Civil War, Civil Rights, and the 20th Century, impact on American food culture
    • America as a "Melting Pot", regional cuisine, prohibition and its effect on bar culture
    • The USA on the World Food Scene

    Pre-Columbian Empires

    • Map of empires (specific locations shown)

    Additional Information

    • To understand the impact of world cuisine on North America, it's crucial to understand the impact of pre-Columbian foods on the world.
    • Quinoa (native to the Andes) is high in protein, resilient to droughts.
    • Potatoes (domesticated in Peru between 3700 and 3000 BCE), were used as an essential food source, especially due to their ability to endure harsh conditions.
    • Squash originated in Bolivia and surrounding areas in 500 BCE.
    • Wide variety of fruits (Cape gooseberry, pepino, tamarillo, cherimoya, Giant Colombian blackberry, Inga pods) are indigenous to the Andes.
    • The Aztecs and Mayans (information on their agricultural advancements, including the Aztec calendar image)
    • Three Sisters farming (combining corn, beans, and squash in one farming structure).

    More American Information

    • Aztec Agricultural Revolution. Aztecs built their capital city on a lake, built roads above water.
    • Vanilla, a member of the orchid family, is used to perfume temples.
    • Corn/Maize: its development, confusion with corn, uses (tamales, tacos, tortillas, different forms like cornmeal, hominy, and grits).
    • Cacao tree: one of the important trees to spring from maize god's body, drinking chocolate and uses/importance in Aztec society.
    • Chile peppers as number one spice in the world, its origin, 4,000 year history of being used in food preparation with the Inca, Maya, Aztec cultures.
    • Scoville pepper heat scale, including various types of peppers and their heat levels.
    • Cahokia (North American pre-Columbian city).
    • Common Native American foods (Succotash, Bean Bread, Fry Bread, Baked Acorn Squash, Fish and Corn Mush, Baked Beans).

    The Columbian Exchange

    • Food exchange between the Old and New Worlds.
    • The various foods that travelled between continents because of this exchange

    Food on Board

    • Spanish food, preserved goods, rations for sailors.
    • What foods were brought on ships during exploration and colonization.

    New "Pangea"

    • Map of continents.
    • A suggested map of possible land masses

    Beginning of the End

    • Exposure to diseases (no immunity)
    • Devastating population decline.

    Religion in America

    • Pie chart of religious affiliations.

    Caribbean Sugar

    • History and development of sugar as a staple food.

    Triangle Trade

    • Trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

    United States

    • Map of the United States.
    • Information related to the United States.

    Fast Food Chains Sales

    • Sales data of major fast food chains in 2016.

    NEXT WEEK

    • Preparation for the next week's topics, including timelines, immigration, and regional cuisine.

    Regional Cuisine

    • Regional variations in food based on cultural influences. Map showing locations.

    Cuisine Map of America

    • Distribution of various cuisines across the US.

    Specialities

    • Information on a variety of particular dishes

    More Specialities

    • More regional American foods, more specific food descriptions in categories, information, and illustrations.

    Beverages

    • Popular beverages in the US.

    Immigration

    • The proportion and increase of immigrants in the United States.

    The Melting Pot

    • Diversity in food preferences as a result of immigration and cultural mixing.

    Is the USA a Democracy?

    • Critical thinking questions about American democracy.

    Citizens United Explained

    • An explanation of the 2010 Supreme Court decision that altered the balance of political influence.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the historical significance of potatoes in Europe and North America, alongside the experiences of formerly enslaved African Americans. Test your knowledge on key events, figures, and agricultural practices from the 16th century through the 19th century.

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