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During the anabolic phase of pregnancy (week 0-20), there is a buildup of maternal capacity to deliver nutrients to the fetus, with increased levels of anabolic hormones and a decrease in exercise tolerance, leading to the buildup of fat, nutrient, and liver ______ stores.
During the anabolic phase of pregnancy (week 0-20), there is a buildup of maternal capacity to deliver nutrients to the fetus, with increased levels of anabolic hormones and a decrease in exercise tolerance, leading to the buildup of fat, nutrient, and liver ______ stores.
glycogen
In the catabolic phase of pregnancy (week 20+), there is an increased level of catabolic hormones to facilitate the nutrient transfer to the fetus, leading to larger production and blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, and fatty acids, and a decrease in liver ______ storages.
In the catabolic phase of pregnancy (week 20+), there is an increased level of catabolic hormones to facilitate the nutrient transfer to the fetus, leading to larger production and blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, and fatty acids, and a decrease in liver ______ storages.
glycogen
During the 1st trimester of pregnancy, there is a multiplication of embryo cells and cell differentiation, with main external features beginning to take form. This period is considered as a 'critical period' as major development defects can occur, especially within the first 100 days, due to the rapid and crucial ______ occurring.
During the 1st trimester of pregnancy, there is a multiplication of embryo cells and cell differentiation, with main external features beginning to take form. This period is considered as a 'critical period' as major development defects can occur, especially within the first 100 days, due to the rapid and crucial ______ occurring.
development
Reduced absorption of niacin, riboflavin, and vB6 can occur during pregnancy, affecting maternal anabolic and catabolic phases. This reduction in absorption can impact the overall ______ of the mother and the fetus.
Reduced absorption of niacin, riboflavin, and vB6 can occur during pregnancy, affecting maternal anabolic and catabolic phases. This reduction in absorption can impact the overall ______ of the mother and the fetus.
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Low lying placenta is associated with increased risk of ______
Low lying placenta is associated with increased risk of ______
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Gestational age is measured from the first day of the last menstrual period to the delivery day in ______
Gestational age is measured from the first day of the last menstrual period to the delivery day in ______
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Postmature delivery, also known as overdue labor, occurs after ______ gestational weeks
Postmature delivery, also known as overdue labor, occurs after ______ gestational weeks
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Placenta starts to deteriorate after ______ weeks
Placenta starts to deteriorate after ______ weeks
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Induced delivery may be necessary when the pregnancy is ______ past its expected date
Induced delivery may be necessary when the pregnancy is ______ past its expected date
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Physiological changes during late pregnancy lead to an increased oxidation and formation of free radicals, known as a pro-oxidative ______
Physiological changes during late pregnancy lead to an increased oxidation and formation of free radicals, known as a pro-oxidative ______
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Excess iron supplementation can lead to the formation of more free radicals through the ______ reaction
Excess iron supplementation can lead to the formation of more free radicals through the ______ reaction
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Higher levels of estrogen during pregnancy may cause a lower survival rate and birth rate due to ______
Higher levels of estrogen during pregnancy may cause a lower survival rate and birth rate due to ______
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Higher levels of cortisol during pregnancy can cause insulin resistance in ______
Higher levels of cortisol during pregnancy can cause insulin resistance in ______
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HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) maintains early pregnancy and stimulates the production of ______ and progesterone
HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) maintains early pregnancy and stimulates the production of ______ and progesterone
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HCS (human chorionic somatotropin) increases maternal insulin resistance to maintain glucose availability for the ______
HCS (human chorionic somatotropin) increases maternal insulin resistance to maintain glucose availability for the ______
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Progesterone-induced relaxation of smooth muscle can lead to a decrease in lower oesophagus ______ pressure
Progesterone-induced relaxation of smooth muscle can lead to a decrease in lower oesophagus ______ pressure
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In female, insulin increases reducing sex hormone binding globin (SHGB) increasing level of ______ in ovary disrupted egg development
In female, insulin increases reducing sex hormone binding globin (SHGB) increasing level of ______ in ovary disrupted egg development
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In male, fate cells convert testosterone into ______ increasing level of estrogen
In male, fate cells convert testosterone into ______ increasing level of estrogen
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Decreased sperm production oxidative stress elevates sperm and sperm DNA damage remarks changes of hormone availability interfere with reproductive processes irregular menstrual cycle anovulatory cycle ______
Decreased sperm production oxidative stress elevates sperm and sperm DNA damage remarks changes of hormone availability interfere with reproductive processes irregular menstrual cycle anovulatory cycle ______
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Reduced sperm production hormone availability changes with fat content more the amount of fat cell, higher the ______ level
Reduced sperm production hormone availability changes with fat content more the amount of fat cell, higher the ______ level
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Feedback loop to maintain constant fat micronutrients zinc (male) reduced oxidative stress promotes sperm maturation enhance ______ synthesis
Feedback loop to maintain constant fat micronutrients zinc (male) reduced oxidative stress promotes sperm maturation enhance ______ synthesis
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High intake of soy protein may possibility lengthen menstrual cycle and decreased ______ level
High intake of soy protein may possibility lengthen menstrual cycle and decreased ______ level
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Irrelevant to probability of conception, sperm motility and sperm morphology ______
Irrelevant to probability of conception, sperm motility and sperm morphology ______
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No more than 2 drinks per day : lower sperm count and quality Female: no more than 1 drink per day : lower chance of ______
No more than 2 drinks per day : lower sperm count and quality Female: no more than 1 drink per day : lower chance of ______
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High exposure cause change in sperm morphology example: male in the high exposure of lead disrupts hormonal communication between pituitary gland and testes lower ______ level
High exposure cause change in sperm morphology example: male in the high exposure of lead disrupts hormonal communication between pituitary gland and testes lower ______ level
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Loss of menstrual cycle anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa possibly linked to hypothalamic ______
Loss of menstrual cycle anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa possibly linked to hypothalamic ______
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Chronic energy deficits and intense physical activity ______
Chronic energy deficits and intense physical activity ______
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Higher chance in miscarriage, preterm delivery, deliver low birth weight infants ovulation and menstruation resume normal with normal eating and weigth gain for female athlete triad ( low energy availability) chronic energy deficits and intense physical activity ______
Higher chance in miscarriage, preterm delivery, deliver low birth weight infants ovulation and menstruation resume normal with normal eating and weigth gain for female athlete triad ( low energy availability) chronic energy deficits and intense physical activity ______
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