Position Papers and Arguments
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Questions and Answers

What characteristic defines a manifesto?

  • It is focused exclusively on personal opinions.
  • It is written in the name of a group with shared beliefs. (correct)
  • It is typically authored by a single individual.
  • It only addresses scientific topics.
  • Which fallacy involves attacking the individual making the argument rather than the argument itself?

  • Burden of Proof
  • Strawman
  • Ad Hominem (correct)
  • Slippery Slope
  • The assertion that allowing one event to occur will lead to an extreme consequence is known as what type of fallacy?

  • Bandwagon
  • Loaded Question
  • Composition Division
  • Slippery Slope (correct)
  • What flaw does the Black or White fallacy present?

    <p>It only presents two options as the only possibilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following exemplifies the composition division fallacy?

    <p>Assuming one person's laziness defines an entire group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misunderstanding in the burden of proof fallacy?

    <p>The opponent must prove innocence instead of the claimant proving responsibility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fallacy uses popularity as a means of validation?

    <p>Bandwagon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a Loaded Question fallacy function?

    <p>It poses a question that contains an unjustified assumption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the purpose of factual evidence in an argument?

    <p>It provides concrete support for claims and enhances the credibility of the argument. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between empirical evidence and statistical information?

    <p>Empirical evidence is based on direct observations and tests, whereas statistical information is organized data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does reasoning play in the structure of an argument?

    <p>It links evidence to claims made, creating a logical framework. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to challenge the quality of evidence in arguments you disagree with?

    <p>To ensure that arguments are constructed on credible foundations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the source of factual evidence?

    <p>Factual evidence should ideally originate from credible sources or verifiable information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a position paper?

    <p>To convince the reader to adopt the writer's stand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a position paper reflects the writer's chosen stance on an issue?

    <p>Argumentative Thesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a logical argument, what role do premises serve?

    <p>They provide supporting reasons for the conclusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a manifesto?

    <p>A public declaration of principles or intentions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a claim in the context of a position paper?

    <p>The hair policy is unfair to male students (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When analyzing an argument, what is typically the first step?

    <p>Recognize the main assertion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is NOT true about claims in a position paper?

    <p>Claims should be factual and unbiased (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of evidence in a position paper?

    <p>It provides support to strengthen the claims (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Position Paper

    A piece of writing stating someone's stance on a debatable topic, aiming to persuade the reader.

    Issue (in a Position Paper)

    The debatable topic or subject the writer chooses a side on (for or against).

    Argumentative Thesis

    The writer's clear statement of their position on the issue.

    Claim

    A statement supporting the writer's position in a paper.

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    Evidence

    Proof supporting a claim, strengthening the writer's position.

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    Argument (logic)

    A set of statements where some (premises) give reasons for a conclusion.

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    Analyzing an Argument (steps)

    Understanding the author's main point and the reasons supporting it.

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    Manifesto

    A public statement of intentions, views, or plans.

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    Fallacy

    Reasoning that reaches a conclusion without sufficient evidence to support it.

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    Ad Hominem Fallacy

    Attacking the person making the argument instead of the argument itself.

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    Straw Man Fallacy

    Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack.

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    Loaded Question Fallacy

    Asking a question that has an assumption built into it, making a direct answer seem guilty.

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    Black or White Fallacy

    Presenting two alternative states as the only possibilities, ignoring other options.

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    Slippery Slope Fallacy

    Claiming that one action will inevitably lead to a series of negative consequences.

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    Burden of Proof Fallacy

    Shifting the responsibility of proving a claim from the person making it to someone else.

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    Composition/Division Fallacy

    Assuming that what's true about one part of something applies to all or other parts.

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    Appeal to Emotion

    Manipulating an emotional response instead of a logical argument.

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    Argument

    Trying to prove a point using evidence and reasoning.

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    Factual Evidence

    Convincing evidence based on things that are true.

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    Facts

    Things known to be true; personal experiences or observations.

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    Empirical Evidence

    Data observed and tested; scientific research or experiments.

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    Study Notes

    Position Paper

    • A position paper presents a stance on a debatable issue.
    • The goal is to persuade the reader to adopt the writer's viewpoint.
    • The paper should be arguable.

    Position Paper Components

    • Issue: The topic being debated. The writer chooses a side (positive or negative).
    • Argumentative Thesis: A statement of the writer's position on the issue.
    • Claims: Supporting statements for the thesis.
    • Evidence: Proofs supporting the claims. Example: statistics, examples, expert opinions.

    Argument

    • An argument comprises a conclusion and premises leading to the conclusion.
    • Premises are reasons given to justify the conclusion.
    • Example: "If you want a good grade, study hard. You want a good grade. Therefore, study hard."

    Manifesto

    • A manifesto is a public declaration of intentions, views, or plans.
    • It often outlines the position or program of an individual or group about political, ideological, and other issues.

    Fallacies

    • Fallacies are flawed reasoning that leads to inaccurate conclusions without proper evidence.
    • Ad Hominem: Attacking the person making the argument instead of the argument itself.
    • Straw Man: Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack.
    • Slippery Slope: Arguing that one action will inevitably lead to a series of negative consequences.
    • Burden of Proof: Claiming that the burden of proof lies on someone else to disprove a claim.
    • Composition/Division: Assuming something true of a part is true of the whole, or vice versa.
    • Bandwagon: Accepting a claim because many people believe it.
    • Appeal to Emotion: Using emotional appeals instead of logical arguments.
    • Loaded Question: Asking a question with an embedded assumption.
    • Black or White: Presenting only two options when more exist.

    Factual Evidence

    • Facts: Statements known to be true.
    • Empirical Evidence: Data based on observations and experiments.
    • Statistical Information: Data collected, analyzed, and presented by scientists.

    Essential Features of a Position Paper

    • A debatable issue statement.
    • A clear position on the issue.
    • A convincing argument.
    • A reasonable tone.

    Credible Sources

    • Laws and government documents.
    • Reports from international organizations.
    • Books, encyclopedias, and dictionaries.
    • Academic articles and reputable news sources.
    • Expert interviews.

    Position Paper Format

    • Argumentative Thesis: A clear assertion of the author's position.
    • Claims/Assertions: Supporting statements.
    • Evidence: Proof that justifies the claims.
    • Conclusion: Summary of arguments and justification for the thesis.

    Scientific Report

    • Reports that systematically describe scientific or technical investigations.
    • Includes sections like introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion.

    Field Report

    • A report on a field or practical study.
    • Includes observations, descriptions of activities, interpretation, and analysis. Explores events from a study or observation.

    Business Report

    • Conveys information relevant to business decision-making.
    • Includes sections like executive summary, table of contents, introduction, body, and conclusion.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the components and structure of position papers, argumentative theses, and effective claims and evidence. You'll learn how to construct persuasive arguments while avoiding common fallacies. Test your understanding of these critical writing skills!

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