EAPP Lesson 1-4 Reviewer PDF

EAPP Lesson 1 What is Position Paper? Position paper is the writing of one’s stand on a particular issue. The topic should be arguable. It discusses an issue, which the writer will take a stand (agree/disagree), the purpose is to convince the reader to take his or her stand. What Contains a Posit...

EAPP Lesson 1 What is Position Paper? Position paper is the writing of one’s stand on a particular issue. The topic should be arguable. It discusses an issue, which the writer will take a stand (agree/disagree), the purpose is to convince the reader to take his or her stand. What Contains a Position Paper? 1. Issue - is the topic being argued upon in the paper. The writer will choose his/her side. He may take it negative or positive. Example: Topic: Haircut Issue: Abolish the haircut policy on senior high school male students. 2. Argumentative Thesis - is formed when the writer took a stand on the issue. Example: The haircut policy on male senior high school students should be abolished because they have the right to come to school in any length of hair they preferred. (Note: this is your thesis statement) 3. Claims - are statements that support the writer’s stand. Example: students have the right to come to school at any length of hair they preferred. 4. Evidence – is a proof that strengthen the writer’s claim. Example: - Since female students can come to school in their long hair, male students should be allowed also to exercise fairness in gender equality. What is an Argument? An argument is a list of statements, one among these statements is the conclusion and the others are the premises or assumptions of the argument. To give an argument is to provide a set of premises as reasons for accepting the conclusion. Example: If you want to get a high grade, you should study hard. You really want to get a high grade. So, you should study hard. Note: The first two sentences here are the premises of the argument, and the last sentence is the conclusion. To give this argument is to offer the premises as reasons for accepting the conclusion. How to Analyze an Argument? To analyze an author’s argument, take it one step at a time: 1. Briefly note the main assertion (what does the writer want me to believe or do?) 2. Make a note of the first reason the author makes to support his/her conclusion. 3. Write down every other reason. 4. Underline the most important reason. What is a Manifesto? According to Merriam Webster dictionary, a manifesto is a statement in which someone makes his or her intentions or views easy for people to ascertain. On the other hand, Encyclopedia Britannica defines manifesto as a document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer. A manifesto advances a set of ideas, opinions, or views, but it can also lay out a plan of action. While it can address any topic, it most often concerns art, literature, or politics. Manifestos are generally written in the name of a group sharing a common perspective, ideology, or purpose rather than in the name of a single individual. Example: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels’s The Communist Manifesto (see/read on the internet), is a good and famous example of a manifesto regarding politics Lesson 2 What is Fallacy? A fallacy is reasoning that comes to a conclusion without the evidence to support it (Merriam Webster dictionary). What are the Types of Fallacies? 1. Ad Hominem- It is attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself. Tony will run as president in our school, but Tony was involved in a fight two years ago, therefore he cannot be a good president. 2. Strawman- It is misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack. Al Gore feels that all companies are irresponsible and should be punished for allowing emissions, which causes global warming. 3. Loaded Question- It is asking a question that has an assumption built into it so that it can be answered without appearing guilty. Have you stopped cheating in EAPP class? 4. Black or white- It is where two alternative states are presented as the only possibilities when in fact more possibilities exist. If you will agree with him then you are against us. 5. Slippery slope- It is asserting that if we allow A to happen, then Z will consequently happen too, therefore A should not happen. (A teacher to a student) I will not allow you to go to the comfort room because you might fall on the stairs, and if you fell on the stairs your parents will complain, and if they complained, a case will be filed against me. Therefore, you cannot go to the comfort room. 6. Burden of proof- It is saying that the burden of proof lies not with the person making the claim, but with someone else to disprove. If you cannot prove that I was the one who stole your bag, therefore, I wasn’t the one who stole it. 7. Composition Division-It is assuming that what’s true about one part of something has to be applied to all or other parts of it. The students in Hogwarts High School are lazy. Luna Lovegod is a student in Hogwarts High School. Therefore, Luna Lovegod is lazy. 8. Bandwagon- It is appealing to popularity or the fact that many people do something as an attempt of validation. I wanted to take HUMMS, but all my friends will take STEM, therefore, I will take STEM. 9. Appeal to Emotion-It is manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument. I remember my grandmother told me that if I will let rice fall on the table while eating, the rice will cry, so I shouldn’t let these rice fall on the table while eating. Arguments as we have discussed in the previous module is the attempt to prove a point using evidence and reasoning. Evidence is the concrete facts used to support a claim. Ideally, evidence is something everyone agrees on, or something that anyone could, with sufficient training and equipment, verify for themselves. Evidence is one of the two basic ingredients of argument (the other is reasoning), and so a great deal of effort goes into ensuring its quality, and challenging the quality of evidence in arguments we disagree with. What is Factual Evidence? Factual evidence is very convincing in argumentative essay. The three types of factual evidence are: 1. Facts- are the things that we know to be true like personal experiences or observations and interviews, which provide empirical or statistical information. These should come from a credible source. 2. Empirical Evidence- are data that have been observed and tested. example: experiential data- these are scientific research and testing 3. Statistical Information- These are data gathered, sorted, analyzed, interpreted, and presented by scientists. Lesson 4