Population Dynamics and Standard of Living

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Questions and Answers

Which factor is most likely to decrease the population growth rate?

High immigration level

High infant mortality rate

Increased access to clean water and healthcare (correct)

High total fertility rate (TFR)

What is the best indicator of a country's standard of living?

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (correct)

Total fertility rate (TFR)

Infant mortality rate

Birth rate

How does increased education for women affect population growth?

Increases birth rates

Delays age of first child (correct)

Reduces access to healthcare

Encourages early marriage

Which of the following is a key health indicator of standard of living?

Life expectancy Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high infant mortality rate have on total fertility rate (TFR)?

It can drive up TFR as families have more children Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic trait of K-selected species?

Long parental care Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes r-selected species?

They usually reproduce many times. Signup and view all the answers

How does high parental care in K-selected species affect offspring success?

It ensures a higher survival rate of the offspring. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about r-selected species is accurate?

They mature quickly and reproduce frequently. Signup and view all the answers

What impact do r-selected species typically have on their environment?

They can outcompete K-selected species for resources. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating population size change?

Population Size = (immigrations + births) - (immigrations + deaths) Signup and view all the answers

If a wolf pack has 14 wolves and experiences 5 deaths, 3 births, and 4 new wolves joining, what is the percent change in the population?

18.75% Signup and view all the answers

Which age group indicates a potential for future population growth?

Prereproductive age (0-14) Signup and view all the answers

In which category does a country with a stable population size fall?

House shape Signup and view all the answers

What does a higher Total Fertility Rate (TFR) generally indicate?

Higher birth rates and higher population growth Signup and view all the answers

Which country is likely to have the highest Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?

India Signup and view all the answers

What indicates declining population trends within age structure diagrams?

Narrowest at the base of the pyramid Signup and view all the answers

What is the replacement level fertility indicative of?

The number of births required to offset the number of deaths Signup and view all the answers

What does a larger population size generally indicate in terms of species survival?

Stronger resistance to population decline Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a density-independent factor affecting population growth?

Natural disasters Signup and view all the answers

How is the sex ratio typically considered ideal for breeding?

Closer to 50:50 ratio Signup and view all the answers

What happens when food is plentiful in a given area regarding population growth?

Population growth may exceed its carrying capacity Signup and view all the answers

What type of distribution is observed when animals are spaced out evenly due to territorial behavior?

Uniform distribution Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'biotic potential' in population dynamics?

The maximum growth rate under ideal conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes logistic growth in populations?

Rapid initial growth followed by limitations Signup and view all the answers

What typically results from a die-off or bottleneck effect in a population?

Skewed sex ratio Signup and view all the answers

What does 'carrying capacity' (k) refer to in an ecosystem?

The maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can support based on limiting resources Signup and view all the answers

What is an 'overshoot' in population dynamics?

When a population exceeds its carrying capacity briefly Signup and view all the answers

In the example of reindeer on St. Paul Island, what ultimately caused the population crash?

Severe depletion of food resources due to overshoot Signup and view all the answers

What happens during a die-off event in a population?

Individuals die off sharply due to resource depletion Signup and view all the answers

How do predator-prey dynamics affect population sizes?

Predator populations can increase when prey availability is high, affecting prey numbers Signup and view all the answers

What role does resource availability play in population growth?

Sufficient resources support population growth until carrying capacity is reached Signup and view all the answers

Why might real populations not fluctuate regularly around carrying capacity?

Resource depletion can lead to crashes and prevent regular fluctuations Signup and view all the answers

What might be a consequence of a population briefly exceeding its carrying capacity?

Potential starvation and die-off due to resource depletion Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a pre-industrialized country?

Lack of access to healthcare and clean water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicators is associated with stage 2 development?

High total fertility rate (TFR) Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of industrialization as a country develops?

Decreased total fertility rates (TFR) Signup and view all the answers

In stage 1 of demographic transition, what is the primary reason for high total fertility rates (TFR)?

Need for child agricultural labor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes industrialized/developed countries?

Very low death rate and infant mortality rate Signup and view all the answers

What typically occurs to GDP as a country transitions from agricultural to industrial?

GDP rises significantly Signup and view all the answers

Which social factor contributes to the generational lag in TFR reduction during development?

Persistence of traditional practices Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an indicator of a developed/industrialized country?

Short life expectancy Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

APES Ultimate Review Packet

The packet contains everything needed to succeed in APES class tests and pass the AP exam in May.
It includes 9 unit video review series, guided notes, unit quizzes, extra math practice, and two full-length practice exams.
Answer keys are included for all materials.

Unit 3 - Populations

Slides created by Jordan Dischinger-Smedes, adaptable for study and teaching.
Free video lectures for each unit topic on YouTube and daily topic reviews on Instagram.
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Learning Objective and Essential Knowledge (Page 3)

ERT-3.A: Identify differences between generalist and specialist species.
ERT-3.A.1: Specialist species tend to be advantaged in constant habitats, while generalist species thrive in changing habitats.
1.B: Explain environmental concepts and processes.

Specialist vs. Generalist Species (Page 4, 5, 6)

Specialists: Narrow tolerance range, specific food requirements (e.g., bamboo for pandas), less adaptable to new conditions, more prone to extinction.
Generalists: Broad tolerance range, broader niche, broader food requirements, high adaptability, less prone to extinction, more likely to be invasive.

Identify One Characteristic of Specialist Species (Page 7)

Identify one characteristic of specialist species and explain how that characteristic makes them more prone to extinction than generalist species.

K-selected & r-selected Species (Page 8, 9, 10 )

K-selected: Large, few offspring, high parental care, long lifespans, reproduce multiple times, live in stable environments; high competition for resources.
r-selected: Small, many offspring, little to no parental care, short lifespans, reproduce once, live in unstable environments; low competition for resources.
Biotic Potential: the maximum reproductive rate of a population in ideal conditions.
K-selected species are typically more adversely affected by invasive species than r-selected species.

Invasive Species & Disturbances (Page 14)

K-selected species are usually less likely to survive invasive species.
R-selected species are usually more likely to be the invasive species due to higher biotic potential and faster generation time.

Zebra Mussel & Unionid Mussel Population Density in the Hudson River (Page 16)

Data table showing Zebra Mussel and Unionid Mussel density in the Hudson River over several years.
Students need to describe the relationship between Zebra Mussel and Unionid Mussel population density in the Hudson River based on the data.

Survivorship Curves (Page 18 , 19, 20,21)

Type I: High survivorship early in life, rapid decrease in survivorship in old age.
Type II: Steadily decreasing survivorship throughout life.
Type III: High mortality early in life, slow decline in survivorship in midlife, and fewer make it to old age.
K-selected species typically follow Type I or Type II curves.
R-selected species typically follow Type III curves

FRQ Practice (Page 22, 30 , 39)

Students need to conduct specific analyses associated with specific charts/graphs.

Carrying Capacity (Page 24 , 25, 26, 27, 28, 37 )

The maximum population size that a given environment can sustainably support.
Factors that impact population size includes food, water, habitat, and space.
If the population grows in size past the environmental limits, overshoot and die-offs occur.
Carrying Capacity (k): The maximum number of individuals in a population that an ecosystem can support based on limiting resources.

Biotic Potential vs. Environmental Resistance (Page 37)

Biotic Potential: Maximum potential growth rate, occurs when resources aren't limiting.
Environmental Resistance: Factors limiting the population growth due to limits like competition, disease, etc.

Calculating Population Change (Page 38)

Formula: Population Size = (Immigrations + Births) - (Emigrations + Deaths).

Population Characteristics (Size, Density, Distribution, and Sex Ratio)

Size (N): total number of individuals in a given area.
Density: number of individuals per unit area.
Distribution: the pattern in which individuals are spaced (random, uniform, clumped).
Sex Ratio: ratio of males to females in a population.

Factors Affecting Human Population Growth (Page 65)

Factors increasing population growth rate: Higher TFR, high infant mortality rate, high immigration level.
Factors decreasing population growth rate: High death rate, High infant mortality rate, Increased development (education & affluence), Increased education for women, Delayed age of first child, Postponement of marriage age.

Standard of Living Indicators

Life Expectancy: Average age individuals in a given country reach.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Key economic indicator of a community's standard of living. Total value of goods & services produced.

Demographic Transition (Page 68, 69)

Stages of Demographic transition model (DTM).

Stage 1: High birth & death rates, stable population, Pre-industrialized.
Stage 2: Declining death rates, high birth rates, rapidly growing population, Industrializing.
Stage 3: Falling birth & death rates, population growth rate slows, Developed.
Stage 4: Low birth & death rates, stable or declining population, Post-industrialized nations.

Industrialization and Development Status (Page 70, 71)

Industrialization: Transition from agrarian to industrial economies.
Pre-Industrialized Nations: Agrarian-based, low GDP.
Industrializing Nations: Transitioning from agrarian to industrial economies.
Industrialized Nations: Developed economy, high GDP, low TFR.

Factors Affecting TFR (Page 79)

Development (Affluence): More developed countries usually have lower TFRs.
More education: Women with more education tend to choose to have fewer children.
More economic opportunities: Women’s choices about having children are tied to their economics.
Higher access to family planning: Access to contraceptives, healthcare, planning education, and family planning.

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Description

This quiz explores concepts related to population growth, including factors that influence it and health indicators of a country's standard of living. Questions cover r-selected and K-selected species, parental care, and the implications of infant mortality rates. Test your knowledge on how education and other factors affect population dynamics.