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Questions and Answers
What shape is the growth curve that describes population growth when density-dependent factors are considered?
What shape is the growth curve that describes population growth when density-dependent factors are considered?
- Parabolic curve
- Linear curve
- Sigmoid curve (correct)
- Exponential curve
Which of the following is an example of a density-dependent factor that affects population growth?
Which of the following is an example of a density-dependent factor that affects population growth?
- Natural disasters
- Disease (correct)
- Climate change
- All of the above
What is the primary difference between r-selected and K-selected species?
What is the primary difference between r-selected and K-selected species?
- Their habitat preferences
- Their reproductive strategies (correct)
- Their diet preferences
- Their migration patterns
What is the term for the maximum number of individuals that an environment can support?
What is the term for the maximum number of individuals that an environment can support?
What is the name of the model that describes population growth in terms of the rate of increase and carrying capacity?
What is the name of the model that describes population growth in terms of the rate of increase and carrying capacity?
What is the term for the per capita rate of increase in a population?
What is the term for the per capita rate of increase in a population?
What is the formula for calculating population density?
What is the formula for calculating population density?
Which method of measuring population density involves direct counting of populations?
Which method of measuring population density involves direct counting of populations?
What is the term for the pattern of spacing among individuals within a population's geographic boundaries?
What is the term for the pattern of spacing among individuals within a population's geographic boundaries?
What is the purpose of the mark-recapture method in population ecology?
What is the purpose of the mark-recapture method in population ecology?
What is the formula for calculating total population using the quadrat sampling method?
What is the formula for calculating total population using the quadrat sampling method?
What is the term for the type of population dispersion where individuals are aggregated in patches?
What is the term for the type of population dispersion where individuals are aggregated in patches?
Which type of dispersion pattern is often seen in plants due to competition for resources?
Which type of dispersion pattern is often seen in plants due to competition for resources?
What is the term for the study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time?
What is the term for the study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time?
What is the ratio of males to females in a population?
What is the ratio of males to females in a population?
Which of the following is an example of a density-independent factor affecting population growth?
Which of the following is an example of a density-independent factor affecting population growth?
What is the term for the maximum population size that an environment can sustain?
What is the term for the maximum population size that an environment can sustain?
Which type of dispersion pattern is the least common due to the lack of interaction among individuals?
Which type of dispersion pattern is the least common due to the lack of interaction among individuals?
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Study Notes
Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Factors
- Density-dependent factors: disease, parasites, and resource competition can reduce fertility and longevity, leading to a reduction in population growth
- Density-independent factors: natural disasters, climate, and other external factors can affect population growth
- Carrying capacity (K): the maximum number of individuals an environment can support
Life History Strategies
- r-selection: favors rapid growth, common in new or disturbed environments, and is associated with low competition
- K-selection: favors efficient use of resources, common in environments with high competition, and is associated with high carrying capacity
Human Population Growth
- Human population growth has followed a sigmoid curve, with a rapid increase in population followed by a slow down as the carrying capacity is reached
- Figure 35.8A illustrates the history of human population growth
Population Dispersion
- Three types of population dispersion: uniform, clumped, and random
- Uniform dispersion: individuals are evenly spaced, often due to competition for resources
- Clumped dispersion: individuals are aggregated in patches, often due to heterogeneous environments and social behavior
- Random dispersion: individuals are randomly distributed, often due to lack of interaction with one another
Demography
- Demography is the study of population vital statistics and how they change over time
- Two important statistics in demography are age structure and sex ratio
- Sex ratio: the ratio of males to females in a population, with primary, secondary, and tertiary sex ratios
- Population change: births + immigration - deaths - emigration
Population Density
- Population density: the number of people per unit area, usually measured in people per square kilometer
- Two methods of measuring population density: total count method and sampling method
- Quadrat sampling method: used in plant studies, involving the counting of individuals within a quadrat
- Mark-recapture method: used in mobile species, involving marking and recapturing individuals to estimate population size
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