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Questions and Answers
What shape is the growth curve that describes population growth when density-dependent factors are considered?
Which of the following is an example of a density-dependent factor that affects population growth?
What is the primary difference between r-selected and K-selected species?
What is the term for the maximum number of individuals that an environment can support?
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What is the name of the model that describes population growth in terms of the rate of increase and carrying capacity?
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What is the term for the per capita rate of increase in a population?
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What is the formula for calculating population density?
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Which method of measuring population density involves direct counting of populations?
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What is the term for the pattern of spacing among individuals within a population's geographic boundaries?
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What is the purpose of the mark-recapture method in population ecology?
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What is the formula for calculating total population using the quadrat sampling method?
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What is the term for the type of population dispersion where individuals are aggregated in patches?
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Which type of dispersion pattern is often seen in plants due to competition for resources?
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What is the term for the study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time?
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What is the ratio of males to females in a population?
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Which of the following is an example of a density-independent factor affecting population growth?
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What is the term for the maximum population size that an environment can sustain?
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Which type of dispersion pattern is the least common due to the lack of interaction among individuals?
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Study Notes
Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Factors
- Density-dependent factors: disease, parasites, and resource competition can reduce fertility and longevity, leading to a reduction in population growth
- Density-independent factors: natural disasters, climate, and other external factors can affect population growth
- Carrying capacity (K): the maximum number of individuals an environment can support
Life History Strategies
- r-selection: favors rapid growth, common in new or disturbed environments, and is associated with low competition
- K-selection: favors efficient use of resources, common in environments with high competition, and is associated with high carrying capacity
Human Population Growth
- Human population growth has followed a sigmoid curve, with a rapid increase in population followed by a slow down as the carrying capacity is reached
- Figure 35.8A illustrates the history of human population growth
Population Dispersion
- Three types of population dispersion: uniform, clumped, and random
- Uniform dispersion: individuals are evenly spaced, often due to competition for resources
- Clumped dispersion: individuals are aggregated in patches, often due to heterogeneous environments and social behavior
- Random dispersion: individuals are randomly distributed, often due to lack of interaction with one another
Demography
- Demography is the study of population vital statistics and how they change over time
- Two important statistics in demography are age structure and sex ratio
- Sex ratio: the ratio of males to females in a population, with primary, secondary, and tertiary sex ratios
- Population change: births + immigration - deaths - emigration
Population Density
- Population density: the number of people per unit area, usually measured in people per square kilometer
- Two methods of measuring population density: total count method and sampling method
- Quadrat sampling method: used in plant studies, involving the counting of individuals within a quadrat
- Mark-recapture method: used in mobile species, involving marking and recapturing individuals to estimate population size
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Description
Learn about the factors that affect population growth, including disease, parasites, and resource competition. Understand how density-dependent factors reduce fertility and longevity, leading to a sigmoid growth curve. Test your knowledge of population ecology and the concept of carrying capacity.
