Polysaccharides: Chitin and Cellulose
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Questions and Answers

Chitin is a fundamental material in the exoskeletons of ______ and insects.

crustaceans

The structure of chitin is identical to ______, except that the -OH group on each C-2 is replaced by -NHCOCH3.

cellulose

Cellulose is the primary component of ______ cell walls.

plant

Chitosan is made by treating the ______ shells of shrimp and other crustaceans with an alkaline substance.

<p>chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metabolism is the entire set of life-sustaining chemical reactions that occur in ______.

<p>organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

The goal of glucose metabolism is to convert chemical energy in food into ______.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

The human body processes about 6 tons of ______ and 10,000 gallons of water over the course of 40 years.

<p>food</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metabolic pathways can usually be classified as ______ (catabolism) or anabolic (anabolism).

<p>catabolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reactions in metabolic pathways require ______; therefore, organisms can control metabolic pathways according to their current needs.

<p>enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ metabolic pathway is a series of reactions that are not repeated.

<p>linear</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ metabolic pathway is a repeating series of reactions in which the final product is also an initial reactant.

<p>circular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reactions in metabolic pathways produce ______ such as ATP and NADH.

<p>metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gluconeogenesis takes place primarily in the ______.

<p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of converting glucose into glycogen is called ______.

<p>Glycogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

When there's need for additional blood glucose, glycogen is ______ and released into the bloodstream.

<p>hydrolyzed</p> Signup and view all the answers

The citric acid cycle is ______, playing a role in both catabolism and anabolism.

<p>amphibolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate passes from the ______ into the mitochondria.

<p>cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pyruvate is ______ and decarboxylated.

<p>oxidized</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are converted to amino acids by ______ of peptide bonds.

<p>hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excess amino acids can be converted into ______ and stored in fat depots.

<p>fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the stomach, an acidic environment and ______ enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins to amino acids and oligopeptides.

<p>proteolytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excess glucose can be stored as ______ through glycogenesis.

<p>glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excess ______ acids can be stored as triglycerides through lipogenesis.

<p>fatty</p> Signup and view all the answers

Total ATP production of a 14-Carbon FA is ______ ATP since the ATP used ends in AMP equivalent to two phosphate groups.

<p>112</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the small intestine, unhydrolyzed oligopeptides are further broken down to ______ acids through enzyme peptidases.

<p>amino</p> Signup and view all the answers

The urea is transported to the ______, where it is filtered from the blood and finally sent to the bladder for excretion in the urine.

<p>kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adults need ______ grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day.

<p>0.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrochloric acid denatures protein and also converts ______ to pepsin.

<p>pepsinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

In stage 2 of protein digestion, amino acids are transformed into ______ metabolites.

<p>intermediate</p> Signup and view all the answers

A.Transamination involves the transfer of a quaternary ______ group that is bound to the α-carbon of an amino acid is transferred to an α-keto acid.

<p>ammonium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gluconeogenesis vs Glycolysis

  • Gluconeogenesis doesn't use reaction 10 of glycolysis and uses different enzymes to reverse reactions 1 and 3 of glycolysis
  • Gluconeogenesis primarily takes place in the liver

Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis

  • Excess glucose is converted to glycogen through Glycogenesis, stored in liver or muscle tissue
  • Glycogen is hydrolyzed and released into the bloodstream when needed through Glycogenolysis
  • Glycogenolysis involves two reaction steps: removal of glucose from nonreducing ends of glycogen and hydrolysis of α(1,6) glycosidic bonds at branch points of glycogen

Metabolism Stage 2: Acetyl-CoA Production

  • Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA and CO2 under aerobic conditions
  • The citric acid cycle plays a role in both catabolism and anabolism

Chitin and Cellulose

  • Chitin is a structural polysaccharide found in fungi, crustaceans, insects, and arachnids
  • Chitin's structure is identical to cellulose, except that the -OH group on each C-2 is replaced by -NHCOCH3
  • Cellulose is the most abundant organic substance on earth, made up of D-glucopyranose residues linked by β(1,4)-glycosidic bonds

Control of Glucose Levels and Metabolism

  • Metabolism is the entire set of life-sustaining chemical reactions that occur in organisms
  • The goal of metabolism is to convert chemical energy from food into ATP
  • Sites of metabolism include the liver and muscle tissue
  • Anaerobic metabolism occurs in the cytoplasm, while aerobic metabolism occurs in mitochondria

Types of Metabolic Pathways

  • Linear metabolic pathways are series of reactions that are not repeated
  • Circular metabolic pathways are repeating series of reactions in which the final product is also an initial reactant
  • Metabolic pathways can be classified as catabolic (catabolism) or anabolic (anabolism)

Protein Metabolism

  • Amino acids are used in various metabolic pathways
  • Excess amino acids are catabolized for energy production through transamination, oxidative deamination, and the urea cycle
  • Excess amino acids can be converted into fat and stored in fat depots or made into glucose for energy by gluconeogenesis
  • Protein digestion starts in the stomach and continues in the intestine
  • Nitrogen excretion involves the conversion of ammonia to urea, which is then excreted in the urine

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Description

Explore the structures and functions of chitin and cellulose, two essential polysaccharides found in living organisms. Learn about their compositions, linkages, and importance in nature.

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