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Questions and Answers
Chitin is a fundamental material in the exoskeletons of ______ and insects.
crustaceans
The structure of chitin is identical to ______, except that the -OH group on each C-2 is replaced by -NHCOCH3.
cellulose
Cellulose is the primary component of ______ cell walls.
plant
Chitosan is made by treating the ______ shells of shrimp and other crustaceans with an alkaline substance.
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Metabolism is the entire set of life-sustaining chemical reactions that occur in ______.
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The goal of glucose metabolism is to convert chemical energy in food into ______.
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The human body processes about 6 tons of ______ and 10,000 gallons of water over the course of 40 years.
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Metabolic pathways can usually be classified as ______ (catabolism) or anabolic (anabolism).
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Reactions in metabolic pathways require ______; therefore, organisms can control metabolic pathways according to their current needs.
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A ______ metabolic pathway is a series of reactions that are not repeated.
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A ______ metabolic pathway is a repeating series of reactions in which the final product is also an initial reactant.
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Reactions in metabolic pathways produce ______ such as ATP and NADH.
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Gluconeogenesis takes place primarily in the ______.
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The process of converting glucose into glycogen is called ______.
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When there's need for additional blood glucose, glycogen is ______ and released into the bloodstream.
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The citric acid cycle is ______, playing a role in both catabolism and anabolism.
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Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate passes from the ______ into the mitochondria.
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Pyruvate is ______ and decarboxylated.
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Proteins are converted to amino acids by ______ of peptide bonds.
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Excess amino acids can be converted into ______ and stored in fat depots.
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In the stomach, an acidic environment and ______ enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins to amino acids and oligopeptides.
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Excess glucose can be stored as ______ through glycogenesis.
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Excess ______ acids can be stored as triglycerides through lipogenesis.
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Total ATP production of a 14-Carbon FA is ______ ATP since the ATP used ends in AMP equivalent to two phosphate groups.
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In the small intestine, unhydrolyzed oligopeptides are further broken down to ______ acids through enzyme peptidases.
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The urea is transported to the ______, where it is filtered from the blood and finally sent to the bladder for excretion in the urine.
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Adults need ______ grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day.
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Hydrochloric acid denatures protein and also converts ______ to pepsin.
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In stage 2 of protein digestion, amino acids are transformed into ______ metabolites.
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A.Transamination involves the transfer of a quaternary ______ group that is bound to the α-carbon of an amino acid is transferred to an α-keto acid.
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Study Notes
Gluconeogenesis vs Glycolysis
- Gluconeogenesis doesn't use reaction 10 of glycolysis and uses different enzymes to reverse reactions 1 and 3 of glycolysis
- Gluconeogenesis primarily takes place in the liver
Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis
- Excess glucose is converted to glycogen through Glycogenesis, stored in liver or muscle tissue
- Glycogen is hydrolyzed and released into the bloodstream when needed through Glycogenolysis
- Glycogenolysis involves two reaction steps: removal of glucose from nonreducing ends of glycogen and hydrolysis of α(1,6) glycosidic bonds at branch points of glycogen
Metabolism Stage 2: Acetyl-CoA Production
- Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA and CO2 under aerobic conditions
- The citric acid cycle plays a role in both catabolism and anabolism
Chitin and Cellulose
- Chitin is a structural polysaccharide found in fungi, crustaceans, insects, and arachnids
- Chitin's structure is identical to cellulose, except that the -OH group on each C-2 is replaced by -NHCOCH3
- Cellulose is the most abundant organic substance on earth, made up of D-glucopyranose residues linked by β(1,4)-glycosidic bonds
Control of Glucose Levels and Metabolism
- Metabolism is the entire set of life-sustaining chemical reactions that occur in organisms
- The goal of metabolism is to convert chemical energy from food into ATP
- Sites of metabolism include the liver and muscle tissue
- Anaerobic metabolism occurs in the cytoplasm, while aerobic metabolism occurs in mitochondria
Types of Metabolic Pathways
- Linear metabolic pathways are series of reactions that are not repeated
- Circular metabolic pathways are repeating series of reactions in which the final product is also an initial reactant
- Metabolic pathways can be classified as catabolic (catabolism) or anabolic (anabolism)
Protein Metabolism
- Amino acids are used in various metabolic pathways
- Excess amino acids are catabolized for energy production through transamination, oxidative deamination, and the urea cycle
- Excess amino acids can be converted into fat and stored in fat depots or made into glucose for energy by gluconeogenesis
- Protein digestion starts in the stomach and continues in the intestine
- Nitrogen excretion involves the conversion of ammonia to urea, which is then excreted in the urine
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Description
Explore the structures and functions of chitin and cellulose, two essential polysaccharides found in living organisms. Learn about their compositions, linkages, and importance in nature.
