Questions and Answers
What type of bond joins two monosaccharide units together?
Glycosidic bond
All disaccharides are formed through a 1-4 glycosidic bond.
False
What is the function of oligosaccharides in plants?
They play an important role in cell recognition and energy storage in plants.
The sweetness of galactose is relative to the sweetness of glucose, which is ______________.
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Which of the following disaccharides is formed through the reaction of α-D-Glc + β-D-Fru?
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Match the following disaccharides with their monosaccharide components:
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Aspartame is a natural sweetener found in fruits.
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N-glycosylation pathway is catalyzed by an enzyme in the first reaction, which involves the formation of ______________.
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What type of bond links glucose units in starch?
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Glycogen is a type of homopolysaccharide.
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What is the function of starch in plants?
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Cellulose is a type of polysaccharide found in the ______________ of plants.
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Match the following polysaccharides with their monosaccharide units:
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Which enzyme breaks down chitin?
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Heteropolysaccharides contain only one type of monosaccharide.
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What is the function of glycogen in animals?
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The enzyme ______________ breaks down starch into glucose units.
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Which of the following is NOT a homopolysaccharide?
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What is a characteristic of monosaccharides?
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Monosaccharides are never used as an energy source.
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What is the function of monosaccharides in terms of bigger molecules?
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Monosaccharides can be oxidized to form _______________ sugars.
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What type of projection shows the cyclic form of carbohydrates?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Monosaccharides are only used for signaling functions.
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What type of bond is formed when two monosaccharides combine?
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Study Notes
Polysaccharides
- Homopolysaccharides are polymers containing a single type of monosaccharide
- Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
- Starch is found in plant cells and is composed of glucose units linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds
- Glycogen is found in animal cells (tissues, muscle, and liver) and is composed of glucose units linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds
- Cellulose is found in plant cell walls and is composed of glucose units linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds
- Chitin is found in the exoskeleton of insects, fungi, and crustaceans and is composed of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) units linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds
- Starch has two forms: amylose (unbranched, 20%) and amylopectin (branched, 80%)
- Glycogen has a highly branched structure, allowing for easy breakdown and release of glucose
Enzymes
- α-amylase breaks down starch
- Cellulase breaks down cellulose
- Chitinase breaks down chitin
Heteropolysaccharides
- Polymers containing more than one type of monosaccharide
- Example: peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls
Disaccharides
- Formed by the condensation reaction of two monosaccharides
- Examples: sucrose, lactose, and maltose
- Sucrose (sugar cane/sugar beets) = α-D-Glc + β-D-Fru (1-2 glycosidic bond)
- Lactose (milk) = β-D-Gal + α-D-Glc (1-4 glycosidic bond)
- Maltose (starch and glycogen) = α-D-Glc + α-D-Glc (1-4 glycosidic bond)
Relative Sweetness
- Increasing sweetness: Gal < Glc < Sucrose < Fru < Aspartame < Sucralose
Oligosaccharides
- Found in cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, sweet potato, and asparagus
- Functions: cell recognition, energy storage in plants, and enzyme catalysis in N-glycosylation pathway
Monosaccharides
- Properties: colorless, crystalline solids, freely soluble in water, sweet taste
- Functions: building blocks for bigger molecules, energy source, regulation, signaling
- Derivatives: amino sugar formation, phosphate ester formation, oxidation to acidic sugars, glycoside formation, reduction to sugar alcohols
Fischer and Haworth Projections
- Fischer projection: vertical lines are away from the viewer, horizontal lines are towards the viewer
- Haworth projection: cyclic form of carbohydrate, furanose and pyranose forms
- Conversion: up-left and down-right, anomeric carbon becomes C=O at C1
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Description
This quiz covers the types of homopolysaccharides, including starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin, and their functions in plant and animal cells. Identify the characteristics and locations of each type.
