Polysaccharides Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the predominant type of structure found in living organisms for glucose?

Linear structure

Spiral structure

Branched structure

Ring structure (correct)

How do glucose and galactose differ?

In the position of the amino group

In the type of glycosidic bond they form

In their ability to form ATP

In the position of the -OH group attached to a carbon atom (correct)

Which is the isomer of glucose commonly found in living cells?

D-Glucose (correct)

Maltose

Fructose

L-Glucose

What type of bond is a glycosidic bond?

Covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

How are disaccharides formed?

By removal of a hydroxyl group from each monosaccharide Signup and view all the answers

What are sucrose composed of?

Glucose and fructose Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond links a molecule of glycerol to 3 fatty acids in a triglyceride?

Ester bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of a saturated fatty acid?

Contains no double bonds between carbons Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fatty acid tends to be solid at room temperature?

Saturated fatty acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between trans fats and unsaturated fats?

Unsaturated fats have more carbon-carbon double bonds Signup and view all the answers

Why are essential fatty acids important for good health?

They are needed for proper bodily functions Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a fatty acid is responsible for its acidic properties?

-COOH group Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a dehydraton reaction?

To remove water molecules from a monomer Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes a large molecule formed by linking many smaller molecules called monomers?

Polymer Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the length of a polymer in each dehydration reaction?

It is extended Signup and view all the answers

In a condensation reaction, how do two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule?

By forming new covalent bonds with the loss of a small molecule Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction involves the loss of water from the reacting molecules or ions?

Dehydration reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a monomer in the formation of a polymer?

To serve as building blocks for the construction of larger molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which type of polysaccharide is primarily found in the extracellular matrix of animals?

Glycosaminoglycan(GAG) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural role of chitin in living organisms?

Formation of cell walls Signup and view all the answers

Which lipid is known for giving a gel-like character to the extracellular matrix in animals?

Phospholipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of peptidoglycan within bacterial cells?

Formation of cell walls Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate polymer serves as a major storage carbohydrate in fungi?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What do lipids have in common in terms of their solubility?

Insolubility in water Signup and view all the answers

What is the common structure of an amino acid?

Carbon atom linked to an amino group and a carboxyl group Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the amino group of an amino acid when dissolved in water?

It accepts a hydrogen ion and becomes positively charged Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond links amino acids in a polypeptide?

Peptide bond Signup and view all the answers

Where is the N-terminus located in a polypeptide chain?

It is the first amino acid Signup and view all the answers

What does the C-terminus represent in a polypeptide chain?

The last amino acid Signup and view all the answers

What are glycoproteins and lipoproteins composed of in addition to proteins?

Carbohydrates or lipids covalently attached to certain amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Synthesis and Breakdown of Organic Molecules and Macromolecules

Monomers are small organic molecules that can be used to form larger molecules (polymers) consisting of many repeating units of the monomer.
Polymers are large molecules formed by linking many smaller molecules called monomers through condensation reactions.

Condensation Reactions and Dehydration Reactions

Condensation reactions are chemical reactions in which two or more molecules are combined into a larger molecule by covalent bonding, with the loss of a small molecule.
Dehydration reactions are a type of condensation reaction in which a molecule of water is lost, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule.
Dehydration reactions involve the loss of water from the reacting molecules or ions, extending the length of a polymer with each reaction.

Formation and Breakdown of Polymers

Monomers combine to form polymers in living organisms through dehydration reactions.
Hexose (glucose, C6H12O6) is a very water-soluble molecule that can be broken down into smaller molecules, releasing energy that is stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Glucose and galactose differ in the position of the -OH group attached to the carbon atom.
D-Glucose is an isomer of glucose found in living cells, recognized by enzymes that can use it as a monomer to synthesize polymers like starch.

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides can be linked together by dehydration reactions to form larger carbohydrates.
Disaccharides are carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides, formed through the removal of a hydroxyl group from one monosaccharide and a hydrogen atom from another.
Glycosidic bonds are covalent bonds formed between two sugar molecules via dehydration reactions.
Polysaccharides are long carbohydrate polymers formed of many monosaccharides linked together.
Starch is a polysaccharide composed of repeating glucose units produced by plant cells and some algal protists.
Glycogen is a polysaccharide found in animal cells, especially in the liver and skeletal muscle, and is a major storage carbohydrate in fungi.
Cellulose is a linear polymer made of thousands of glucose monomers, found in the cell walls of plants and many algae.
Chitin is a tough, nitrogen-containing polysaccharide that forms the external skeleton of many insects and crustaceans and is found in the cell walls of fungi.

Lipids

Lipids are molecules composed predominantly of hydrogen and carbon atoms, which are nonpolar and insoluble in water.
Lipids include fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, waxes, and steroids.
Triglycerides are molecules composed of three fatty acids linked by ester bonds to a molecule of glycerol.
Fatty acids are chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end.
Saturated fatty acids have all carbons linked by single covalent bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more C=C double bonds.
Essential fatty acids are necessary for good health but cannot be synthesized by the body.

Proteins

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, with a common structure consisting of a carbon atom linked to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a side chain that distinguishes the specific amino acid.
Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Amino acids are joined together by dehydration reactions that link the carboxyl group, forming a peptide bond.
Polypeptides are linear sequences of amino acids, with the term denoting a structural unit composed of a linear sequence of amino acids.
N-terminus and C-terminus refer to the location of the first and last amino acids in a polypeptide, respectively.

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Description

Test your knowledge about polysaccharides such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Learn about the structure and functions of these carbohydrate polymers.