Polymyxins, Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Metronidazole, Fidaxomycin, Urinary Agents

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What are the two drugs in the polymyxin class?

Colistimethate and polymyxin B.

How do polymyxins work to combat bacteria?

Polymyxins act as cationic detergents, damaging the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, causing leakage of intracellular substances and cell death.

Which Gram-negative bacteria are covered by polymyxins?

Enterobacter spp., E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

What are the warnings and notes associated with colistimethate sodium (Coly-Mycin M)?

Warnings: Dose-dependent nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Notes: It is a prodrug converted to colistin, and its use with other nephrotoxic medications should be avoided. Signup and view all the answers

What are the boxed warnings for Polymyxin B Sulfate?

Respiratory paralysis from neuromuscular blockade, Nephrotoxicity, Neurotoxicity (dizziness, tingling, numbness, paresthesia, vertigo) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Chloramphenicol?

Reversibly binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What are the safety/side effects/monitoring considerations for Chloramphenicol?

Boxed warning for serious and fatal blood dyscrasias (aplastic anemia, pancytopenia - may be irreversible), Gray syndrome with high serum levels, Monitoring CBC at baseline and every 2 days during therapy, LFTs, renal function, serum drug concentrations Signup and view all the answers

How does Chloramphenicol cover different types of organisms?

It covers Gram-positives, Gram-negatives, anaerobes and atypical organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What are the neurotoxic effects associated with Polymyxin B Sulfate?

Dizziness, tingling, numbness, paresthesia, vertigo Signup and view all the answers

How does Chloramphenicol inhibit protein synthesis?

Chloramphenicol reversibly binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome Signup and view all the answers

What are the serious and fatal side effects associated with Chloramphenicol?

Serious and fatal blood dyscrasias (aplastic anemia, pancytopenia - may be irreversible) Signup and view all the answers

What monitoring is recommended during Chloramphenicol therapy?

CBC at baseline and every 2 days during therapy, LFTs, renal function, serum drug concentrations Signup and view all the answers

What are the risks associated with the use of polymyxins, and how are these risks managed?

The risks associated with the use of polymyxins include dose-dependent nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. These risks are managed by monitoring renal function and electrolytes for nephrotoxicity, and by being vigilant for symptoms such as dizziness, headache, tingling, oral paresthesia, and vertigo for neurotoxicity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of colistimethate sodium in the treatment of bacterial infections, and how should its dose be carefully assessed?

Colistimethate sodium is a prodrug that is converted to colistin, the active form. Its dose should be carefully assessed, as it can be represented in units of colistimethate sodium, mg of colistimethate sodium, or mg of colistin base activity. Signup and view all the answers

What types of bacteria are covered by polymyxins, and which specific Gram-negative bacteria are included in this coverage?

Polymyxins cover Gram-negative bacteria, including Enterobacter spp., E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, they do not cover Proteus spp. Signup and view all the answers

In what situations are polymyxins primarily used, and what is important to consider when using them in combination therapy?

Polymyxins are primarily used for multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens in combination with other antibiotics. It is important to consider the risk of toxicities and to avoid their use with other nephrotoxic medications. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the mechanism of action of polymyxins and the specific Gram-negative bacteria they cover.

Polymyxins act as cationic detergents that damage the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, causing leaking of intracellular substances and cell death. They cover Gram-negative bacteria such as Enterobacter spp., E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the warnings and notes associated with colistimethate sodium (Coly-Mycin M).

Colistimethate sodium is a prodrug that is converted to colistin, the active form. It should be carefully assessed for dose representation, as it can be represented in units of colistimethate sodium, mg of colistimethate sodium, or mg of colistin base activity. Avoid use with other nephrotoxic medications. Signup and view all the answers

What risks are associated with the use of polymyxins, and how are these risks managed?

The risks associated with the use of polymyxins include dose-dependent nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. These risks are managed by monitoring renal function and electrolytes for nephrotoxicity, and by being cautious of neurotoxic effects such as dizziness, headache, tingling, oral paresthesia, and vertigo. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of polymyxins in the treatment of MDR Gram-negative pathogens and the importance of using them primarily in combination with other antibiotics.

Polymyxins are used primarily for MDR Gram-negative pathogens in combination with other antibiotics due to the risk of toxicities. They provide coverage for Gram-negative bacteria, but their use in combination therapy helps to enhance efficacy and reduce the risk of resistance development. Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential neurotoxic effects associated with Polymyxin B Sulfate and how can they result in a life-threatening complication?

The potential neurotoxic effects of Polymyxin B Sulfate include dizziness, tingling, numbness, paresthesia, and vertigo. These effects can result in respiratory paralysis from neuromuscular blockade, which is a life-threatening complication. Signup and view all the answers

What serious and potentially fatal side effects are associated with Chloramphenicol, and what monitoring is recommended during its therapy?

Serious and potentially fatal side effects associated with Chloramphenicol include serious and fatal blood dyscrasias (aplastic anemia, pancytopenia - may be irreversible) and Gray syndrome with high serum levels, leading to circulatory collapse, cyanosis, acidosis, abdominal distention, myocardial depression, coma, and death. Monitoring recommended during Chloramphenicol therapy includes complete blood count (CBC) at baseline and every 2 days during therapy, liver function tests (LFTs), renal function, and serum drug concentrations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Chloramphenicol and what types of bacteria does it cover?

Chloramphenicol reversibly binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis. It covers Gram-positives, Gram-negatives, anaerobes, and atypical organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What are the boxed warnings associated with Polymyxin B Sulfate and what potential drug interactions are important to consider?

The boxed warnings for Polymyxin B Sulfate include nephrotoxicity (dose-dependent) and neurotoxicity (dizziness, tingling, numbness, paresthesia, vertigo) that can result in respiratory paralysis from neuromuscular blockade. Other nephrotoxic drugs can enhance the nephrotoxic effects, and it is important to consider potential drug interactions with these drugs (refer to the Aminoglycoside section). Signup and view all the answers

Explain the mechanism of action of clindamycin and its coverage of bacteria.

Clindamycin is a lincosamide that reversibly binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis. It covers most anaerobes and Gram-positive bacteria, including some community-associated MRSA, but it does not cover Enterococcus or Gram-negative pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What are the boxed warning and warning associated with clindamycin (Cleocin)?

The boxed warning for clindamycin (Cleocin) is colitis (C. difficile), and the warning is severe or fatal skin reactions (SJS/TEN/DRESS). Signup and view all the answers

What are the common uses of clindamycin (Cleocin)?

Clindamycin (Cleocin) is commonly used for purulent and non-purulent skin infections and serves as a beta-lactam alternative for dental abscesses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended test for S.aureus susceptible to clindamycin but resistant to erythromycin, and what does a positive result indicate?

An induction test (D-test) should be performed, and a flattened zone between the disks (positive D-test) indicates inducible clindamycin resistance, signaling that clindamycin should not be used. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of clindamycin and which bacteria does it cover?

Clindamycin is a lincosamide which reversibly binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis. It covers most anaerobes and Gram-positive bacteria (including some community-associated MRSA). It does not cover Enterococcus or Gram-negative pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the D-test and when should it be performed?

An induction test (D-test) should be performed on S.aureus that is susceptible to clindamycin but resistant to erythromycin; a flattened zone between the disks (positive D-test) indicates inducible clindamycin resistance and clindamycin should not be used. Signup and view all the answers

What are the boxed warning and warning associated with clindamycin (Cleocin)?

Clindamycin (Cleocin) BOXED WARNING: Colitis (C. difficile). Clindamycin (Cleocin) WARNING: Severe or fatal skin reactions (SJS/TEN/DRESS). Signup and view all the answers

What are the common uses of clindamycin (Cleocin)?

Common uses: purulent and non-purulent skin infections, beta-lactam alternative for dental abscesses. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of performing an induction test (D-test) on S.aureus susceptible to clindamycin but resistant to erythromycin, and what does a positive result indicate?

The D-test is important to detect inducible clindamycin resistance. A positive result, indicated by a flattened zone between the disks, suggests that clindamycin should not be used. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the potential risks and warnings associated with the use of clindamycin (Cleocin) in relation to severe or fatal skin reactions.

The use of clindamycin (Cleocin) is associated with severe or fatal skin reactions such as SJS/TEN/DRESS, which require monitoring and immediate discontinuation of the medication if suspected. Signup and view all the answers

What are the coverage and limitations of clindamycin (Cleocin) in terms of bacterial pathogens?

Clindamycin covers most anaerobes and Gram-positive bacteria, including some community-associated MRSA, but it does not cover Enterococcus or Gram-negative pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the common uses of clindamycin (Cleocin) as an alternative to beta-lactam for dental abscesses and its suitability for purulent and non-purulent skin infections.

Clindamycin is commonly used as an alternative to beta-lactam for dental abscesses and is suitable for treating both purulent and non-purulent skin infections. Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotics cause a loss of helical DNA structure and strand breakage, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis?

Metronidazole and related drugs Signup and view all the answers

What are the indications for metronidazole?

Bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, amebiasis, C.difficile, and used in combination regimens for intra-abdominal infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural difference between metronidazole and tinidazole?

Tinidazole is structurally related to metronidazole but has limited activity to protozoa (giardiasis, amebiasis), trichomoniasis, and bacterial vaginosis organisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the boxed warning associated with metronidazole and related drugs?

Possibly carcinogenic based on animal data Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications for metronidazole and related drugs?

Pregnancy (1st trimester), use of alcohol or propylene glycol-containing products during treatment or within 3 days of treatment discontinuation (disulfiram reaction), use of disulfiram within the past 2 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What are the side effects of metronidazole and related drugs?

Metronidazole (Flagyl): Metallic taste, Secnidazole (Solosec): Vulvovaginal candidiasis Signup and view all the answers

What are the drug interactions of metronidazole and tinidazole?

Metronidazole is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 Signup and view all the answers

What is the dosing for Secnidazole (Solosec)?

PO dosing is 2 gram single dose Signup and view all the answers

What are the indications for metronidazole and related drugs?

Metronidazole and related drugs are indicated for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, amebiasis, and C. difficile infections, as well as for use in combination regimens for intra-abdominal infections. Signup and view all the answers

What are the boxed warnings associated with metronidazole and related drugs?

Metronidazole and related drugs carry a boxed warning for being possibly carcinogenic based on animal data. Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications for metronidazole and related drugs?

Contraindications for metronidazole and related drugs include pregnancy in the 1st trimester, use of alcohol or propylene glycol-containing products during treatment or within 3 days of treatment discontinuation (disulfiram reaction), and the use of disulfiram within the past 2 weeks. Signup and view all the answers

What are the side effects of metronidazole and related drugs?

Side effects of metronidazole and related drugs include metallic taste (for metronidazole), and vulvovaginal candidiasis (for secnidazole). Signup and view all the answers

What is the dosing for Secnidazole (Solosec)?

The dosing for Secnidazole (Solosec) is a 2-gram single dose. Signup and view all the answers

What are the related drugs in the metronidazole class?

The related drugs in the metronidazole class include Tinidazole (Tindamax) and Secnidazole (Solosec). Signup and view all the answers

What is the IV:PO ratio for metronidazole?

The IV:PO ratio for metronidazole is 1:1. Signup and view all the answers

What drug interactions should be noted for metronidazole and tinidazole?

Metronidazole is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9. Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotics cause a loss of helical DNA structure and strand breakage, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis?

Metronidazole and related drugs Signup and view all the answers

What are the indications for metronidazole and related drugs?

Effective for bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, amebiasis, C.difficileand is used in combination regimens for intra-abdominal infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the IV:PO ratio for metronidazole?

1:1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the boxed warning associated with metronidazole and related drugs?

Possibly carcinogenic based on animal data Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications for metronidazole and related drugs?

Pregnancy (1st trimester), use of alcohol or propylene glycol-containing products during treatment or within 3 days of treatment discontinuation (disulfiram reaction), use of disulfiram within the past 2 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the dosing for Secnidazole (Solosec)?

PO dosing is 2 gram single dose Signup and view all the answers

What are the related drugs in the metronidazole class?

Tinadazole (Tindamax), Secnidazole (Solosec) Signup and view all the answers

What are the side effects of metronidazole and related drugs?

Metranidazole (Flagyl): Metallic taste, Secnidazole (Solosec): Vulvovaginal candidiasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Fidaxomicin (Dificid) and for what condition is it used?

Fidaxomicin (Dificid) inhibits RNA polymerase, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death. It is used for C. difficile infections. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Rifaximin (Xifaxan) and what bacteria does it cover?

Rifaximin (Xifaxan) inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis by binding to bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. It covers E. coli. Signup and view all the answers

What are the dosing regimens for Rifaximin (Xifaxan) for travelers' diarrhea, reduction of hepatic encephalopathy recurrence, and irritable bowel syndrome w/diarrhea (IBS-D)?

Travelers' diarrhea: PO: 200 mg TID x 3 days; Reduction of hepatic encephalopathy recurrence: PO: 550mg BID; Irritable bowel syndrome w/diarrhea (IBS-D): PO: 550 mg TID x 14 days. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Fidaxomicin (Dificid) and for what condition is it used?

Fidaxomicin (Dificid) inhibits RNA polymerase, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death. It is used for C. difficile infections. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Rifaximin (Xifaxan) and what bacteria does it cover?

Rifaximin (Xifaxan) inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis by binding to bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. It covers E. coli. Signup and view all the answers

What are the dosing regimens for Rifaximin (Xifaxan) for travelers' diarrhea, reduction of hepatic encephalopathy recurrence, and irritable bowel syndrome w/diarrhea (IBS-D)?

Travelers' diarrhea: PO: 200 mg TID x 3 days; Reduction of hepatic encephalopathy recurrence: PO: 550mg BID; Irritable bowel syndrome w/diarrhea (IBS-D): PO: 550 mg TID x 14 days Signup and view all the answers

Explain the mechanism of action of Fidaxomicin (Dificid) and for what condition is it used?

Fidaxomicin (Dificid) inhibits RNA polymerase, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death. It is used for C. difficile infections. Signup and view all the answers

What is the dosing for Rifaximin (Xifaxan) for travelers' diarrhea, reduction of hepatic encephalopathy recurrence, and irritable bowel syndrome w/diarrhea (IBS-D)?

Travelers' diarrhea: PO: 200 mg TID x 3 days, Reduction of hepatic encephalopathy recurrence: PO:550mgBID, Irritable bowel syndrome w/diarrhea (IBS-D): PO: 550 mg TID x 14 days Signup and view all the answers

What are the coverage and limitations of Rifaximin (Xifaxan) in terms of bacterial pathogens?

Rifaximin covers E. coli and is not effective for systemic infections (< 1% absorption) Signup and view all the answers

Explain the mechanism of action of Fosfomycin (Monurol) and its coverage for urinary tract infections.

Fosfomycin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by inactivating the enzyme pyruval transferase, critical in the synthesis of cell walls. It covers E.coli (including ESBLs) and E. faecalis (including VRE). A single-dose regimen is used for uncomplicated UTI (cystitis only). Signup and view all the answers

What is the dosing regimen for Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid, Macrodantin) for uncomplicated UTI?

The dosing regimen for Nitrofurantoin for uncomplicated UTI is 100 mg BID x 5 days. Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications for Nitrofurantoin?

The contraindications for Nitrofurantoin include renal impairment (CrCI < 60mL/min*), previous history of cholestatic jaundice/hepatic dysfunction, and pregnancy (at term). Signup and view all the answers

What are the warnings associated with Nitrofurantoin?

The warnings associated with Nitrofurantoin include optic neuritis, hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, pulmonary toxicity, and hemolytic anemia (use caution in patients with G6PD deficiency). Signup and view all the answers

What are the key features of Nitrofurantoin?

The key features of Nitrofurantoin include being the drug of choice for uncomplicated UTI, contraindicated when CrCI < 60 mL/min, and having different dosing regimens for Macrobid (BID) and Macrodantin (QID). Signup and view all the answers

What is the drug Mupirocin (Bactroban Nasal) used for?

Mupirocin (Bactroban Nasal) is a topical antimicrobial ointment used to eliminate Staphylococci (MRSA) colonization of the nares. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Fosfomycin (Monurol)?

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by inactivating the enzyme pyruval transferase, critical in the synthesis of cell walls. Signup and view all the answers

What bacteria does Fosfomycin (Monurol) cover for urinary tract infections?

It covers E.coli (including ESBLs) and E. faecalis (including VRE). Signup and view all the answers

What is the dosing regimen for Fosfomycin (Monurol) for female patients with uncomplicated UTIs?

3 grams PO x 1, mixed in 3-4 oz of cold water Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Nitrofurantoin?

It is a bacterial cell wall inhibitor. Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria does Nitrofurantoin cover for uncomplicated UTIs?

It covers E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, S.aureus, and Enterococcus (VRE). Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications for Nitrofurantoin?

Renal impairment (CrCI < 60mL/min*), previous history of cholestatic jaundice/hepatic dysfunction, pregnancy (at term). Signup and view all the answers

What are the warnings associated with Nitrofurantoin?

Optic neuritis, hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, pulmonary toxicity, hemolytic anemia (use caution in patients with G6PD deficiency). Signup and view all the answers

What is Mupirocin (Bactroban Nasal) used for?

It is a topical antimicrobial ointment used to eliminate Staphylococci (MRSA) colonization of the nares. Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme does Fosfomycin inactivate to inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis?

pyruval transferase Signup and view all the answers

What is the dosing regimen for Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid, Macrodantin) for uncomplicated UTI?

100 mg BID x 5 days Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications for Nitrofurantoin?

Renal impairment (CrCI < 60mL/min*), previous history of cholestatic jaundice/hepatic dysfunction, pregnancy (at term) Signup and view all the answers

What are the warnings associated with Nitrofurantoin?

Optic neuritis, hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, pulmonary toxicity, hemolytic anemia (use caution in patients with G6PD deficiency) Signup and view all the answers

What is the drug of choice for uncomplicated UTI?

Nitrofurantoin Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Mupirocin (Bactroban Nasal)?

topical antimicrobial ointment used to eliminate Staphylococci (MRSA) colonization of the nares Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of Nitrofurantoin?

Drug of choice for uncomplicated UTI Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria does Fosfomycin cover?

E.coli (including ESBLs) and E. faecalis (including VRE) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme does Fosfomycin inactivate to inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis?

Fosfomycin inactivates the enzyme pyruval transferase Signup and view all the answers

What bacteria does Nitrofurantoin cover for uncomplicated UTIs?

Nitrofurantoin covers E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, S.aureus, and Enterococcus (VRE) Signup and view all the answers

What is the dosing regimen for Fosfomycin (Monurol) for female patients with uncomplicated UTIs?

3 grams PO x 1, mixed in 3-4 oz of cold water Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications for Nitrofurantoin?

Renal impairment (CrCI < 60mL/min*), previous history of cholestatic jaundice/hepatic dysfunction, pregnancy (at term) Signup and view all the answers

What are the warnings associated with Nitrofurantoin?

Optic neuritis, hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, pulmonary toxicity, hemolytic anemia (use caution in patients with G6PD deficiency) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria does Fosfomycin cover?

Fosfomycin covers E. coli (including ESBLs) and E. faecalis (including VRE) Signup and view all the answers

What is the drug Mupirocin (Bactroban Nasal) used for?

Mupirocin is used to eliminate Staphylococci (MRSA) colonization of the nares Signup and view all the answers

What are the key features of Nitrofurantoin?

Drug of choice for uncomplicated UTI, contraindicated when CrCI < 60 mL/min, dosing Macrobid is BID, Macrodantin is QID, take with food to prevent nausea, cramping, can discolor the urine (brown) Signup and view all the answers

Polymyxins, Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Metronidazole, Fidaxomycin, Urinary Agents

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Questions and Answers

What are the two drugs in the polymyxin class?

How do polymyxins work to combat bacteria?

Which Gram-negative bacteria are covered by polymyxins?

What are the warnings and notes associated with colistimethate sodium (Coly-Mycin M)?

What are the boxed warnings for Polymyxin B Sulfate?

What is the mechanism of action of Chloramphenicol?

What are the safety/side effects/monitoring considerations for Chloramphenicol?

How does Chloramphenicol cover different types of organisms?

What are the neurotoxic effects associated with Polymyxin B Sulfate?

How does Chloramphenicol inhibit protein synthesis?

What are the serious and fatal side effects associated with Chloramphenicol?

What monitoring is recommended during Chloramphenicol therapy?

What are the risks associated with the use of polymyxins, and how are these risks managed?

What is the role of colistimethate sodium in the treatment of bacterial infections, and how should its dose be carefully assessed?

What types of bacteria are covered by polymyxins, and which specific Gram-negative bacteria are included in this coverage?

In what situations are polymyxins primarily used, and what is important to consider when using them in combination therapy?

Explain the mechanism of action of polymyxins and the specific Gram-negative bacteria they cover.

Discuss the warnings and notes associated with colistimethate sodium (Coly-Mycin M).

What risks are associated with the use of polymyxins, and how are these risks managed?

Explain the role of polymyxins in the treatment of MDR Gram-negative pathogens and the importance of using them primarily in combination with other antibiotics.

What are the potential neurotoxic effects associated with Polymyxin B Sulfate and how can they result in a life-threatening complication?

What serious and potentially fatal side effects are associated with Chloramphenicol, and what monitoring is recommended during its therapy?

What is the mechanism of action of Chloramphenicol and what types of bacteria does it cover?

What are the boxed warnings associated with Polymyxin B Sulfate and what potential drug interactions are important to consider?

Explain the mechanism of action of clindamycin and its coverage of bacteria.

What are the boxed warning and warning associated with clindamycin (Cleocin)?

What are the common uses of clindamycin (Cleocin)?

What is the recommended test for S.aureus susceptible to clindamycin but resistant to erythromycin, and what does a positive result indicate?

What is the mechanism of action of clindamycin and which bacteria does it cover?

What is the D-test and when should it be performed?

What are the boxed warning and warning associated with clindamycin (Cleocin)?

What are the common uses of clindamycin (Cleocin)?

Explain the significance of performing an induction test (D-test) on S.aureus susceptible to clindamycin but resistant to erythromycin, and what does a positive result indicate?

Discuss the potential risks and warnings associated with the use of clindamycin (Cleocin) in relation to severe or fatal skin reactions.

What are the coverage and limitations of clindamycin (Cleocin) in terms of bacterial pathogens?

Explain the common uses of clindamycin (Cleocin) as an alternative to beta-lactam for dental abscesses and its suitability for purulent and non-purulent skin infections.

Which antibiotics cause a loss of helical DNA structure and strand breakage, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis?

What are the indications for metronidazole?

What is the structural difference between metronidazole and tinidazole?

What is the boxed warning associated with metronidazole and related drugs?

What are the contraindications for metronidazole and related drugs?

What are the side effects of metronidazole and related drugs?

What are the drug interactions of metronidazole and tinidazole?

What is the dosing for Secnidazole (Solosec)?

What are the indications for metronidazole and related drugs?

What are the boxed warnings associated with metronidazole and related drugs?

What are the contraindications for metronidazole and related drugs?

What are the side effects of metronidazole and related drugs?

What is the dosing for Secnidazole (Solosec)?

What are the related drugs in the metronidazole class?

What is the IV:PO ratio for metronidazole?

What drug interactions should be noted for metronidazole and tinidazole?

Which antibiotics cause a loss of helical DNA structure and strand breakage, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis?

What are the indications for metronidazole and related drugs?

What is the IV:PO ratio for metronidazole?

What is the boxed warning associated with metronidazole and related drugs?

What are the contraindications for metronidazole and related drugs?

What is the dosing for Secnidazole (Solosec)?

What are the related drugs in the metronidazole class?

What are the side effects of metronidazole and related drugs?

What is the mechanism of action of Fidaxomicin (Dificid) and for what condition is it used?

What is the mechanism of action of Rifaximin (Xifaxan) and what bacteria does it cover?

What are the dosing regimens for Rifaximin (Xifaxan) for travelers' diarrhea, reduction of hepatic encephalopathy recurrence, and irritable bowel syndrome w/diarrhea (IBS-D)?

What is the mechanism of action of Fidaxomicin (Dificid) and for what condition is it used?

What is the mechanism of action of Rifaximin (Xifaxan) and what bacteria does it cover?

What are the dosing regimens for Rifaximin (Xifaxan) for travelers' diarrhea, reduction of hepatic encephalopathy recurrence, and irritable bowel syndrome w/diarrhea (IBS-D)?

Explain the mechanism of action of Fidaxomicin (Dificid) and for what condition is it used?

What is the dosing for Rifaximin (Xifaxan) for travelers' diarrhea, reduction of hepatic encephalopathy recurrence, and irritable bowel syndrome w/diarrhea (IBS-D)?

What are the coverage and limitations of Rifaximin (Xifaxan) in terms of bacterial pathogens?

Explain the mechanism of action of Fosfomycin (Monurol) and its coverage for urinary tract infections.

What is the dosing regimen for Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid, Macrodantin) for uncomplicated UTI?

What are the contraindications for Nitrofurantoin?

What are the warnings associated with Nitrofurantoin?

What are the key features of Nitrofurantoin?

What is the drug Mupirocin (Bactroban Nasal) used for?

What is the mechanism of action of Fosfomycin (Monurol)?