Political Psychology and Ideology - Casey's Notes
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Political Psychology and Ideology - Casey's Notes

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes an ideology according to the provided content?

  • A collection of random beliefs without any structure
  • A clear and simple belief system based on widely accepted truths
  • An abstract, internally coherent system of belief or meaning (correct)
  • Only those beliefs that are universally recognized as correct

    • Definition of ideology (negative perspective)

  • A value-neutral form of understanding the world
  • A motivated, system-serving belief system (correct)
  • A belief that includes all perspectives equally
  • A viewpoint that encourages open-minded discussion

    • How do ideologies typically affect perceptions of opposing views?

  • They allow for a clear distinction between right and wrong perspectives
  • They often lead individuals to believe others are 'blinded' by their ideology (correct)
  • They eliminate the possibility of unbiased discussions
  • They promote understanding and empathy towards differing opinions

    • What is a common confusion surrounding beliefs within ideologies?

    <p>There is a misconception that one's beliefs are absolutely true whereas others are false</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phrase describes the distorted nature sometimes associated with ideologies?

    <p>Misleading and systematically distorted beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In political psychology, which of the following is a distinction commonly made?

    <p>The contrast between ideology and orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique characteristic of ideological beliefs mentioned in the content?

    <p>They are often experienced as true, correct, normal, or natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant finding regarding the correlation between ideology and voting behavior for Black individuals compared to White individuals?

    <p>The correlation is much stronger for White individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do conservatives' attentional resources differ from those of liberals according to studies on eye tracking?

    <p>Liberals exhibit a more random gaze pattern compared to conservatives who focus more on negative stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavioral difference was observed between liberals and conservatives during the Bean Fest game?

    <p>Conservatives preferred to stick with familiar beans while liberals took more risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the negativity bias in conservatives suggest about their worldview?

    <p>They perceive the world as a more threatening and negative environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response is more prominent in conservatives when exposed to unpleasant sounds?

    <p>They blink more and have a heightened startle reflex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied by the concept of 'system justification' in relation to ideology?

    <p>A tendency to defend existing norms and traditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the conventional view, how is political ideology primarily learned?

    <p>By socialization from parents and peers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is more likely to have conservative preferences based on demographics?

    <p>Higher status groups holding majority power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'implicit ideology' suggest about political beliefs?

    <p>They are often unconsciously absorbed over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of variance in political identification can be explained by genetic factors according to twin studies?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pre-K temperament relate to political ideology development?

    <p>It can influence personality traits linked to political stance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What parenting attitude is associated with a conservative political ideology in children?

    <p>Authoritarian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best contrasts conservative and liberal preferences in political ideology?

    <p>Conservatives are often aligned with higher status groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one implication of the genetic component of ideology?

    <p>Some individuals may have an innate predisposition toward certain ideologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of higher status groups in relation to political ideology?

    <p>Often resist changes that could disrupt their status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic group is most likely to lean Democratic based on educational attainment?

    <p>Postgraduates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend is observed among White men with lower educational attainment since 2008?

    <p>Increasingly vote Republican</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable characteristic of Black voters with a college degree over time?

    <p>They lean away from the Democratic Party slightly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which religious group is noted for a strong Republican lean?

    <p>Protestants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among which age group is the association with the Democratic party the strongest?

    <p>18-39 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do urban and rural populations respectively align politically?

    <p>Urban lean Democratic, rural lean Republican</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend observed in the political alignment of Asian American voters since around 2020?

    <p>They have leaned increasingly Democratic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does education-level influence the voting behavior of Hispanics?

    <p>No significant interaction between education and voting behavior for Hispanics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of voting behavior among women with a college degree?

    <p>They predominantly lean Democratic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects voter demographics based on the content provided?

    <p>Florida is the most urban state that voted for Trump in 2016.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between urbanization and voting trends as indicated in the content?

    <p>States with higher urbanization indices are more likely to vote Democratic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does race and ethnicity influence voter turnout according to the findings presented?

    <p>In 2008 and 2012, Black individuals voted at higher rates than their White counterparts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to lower voter turnout among young people?

    <p>Political campaigns often target older demographics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the map of cotton production in 1859 symbolize in relation to current voting patterns?

    <p>It indicates historical population distributions affecting modern voting trends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of the Blue Belt/arc in the South?

    <p>It represents the parts of &quot;Red States&quot; that consistently vote Democratic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does the language of surveys have on voter turnout and participation?

    <p>Surveys that are only in English may reduce participation from non-English speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend is observed regarding midterm elections compared to general elections?

    <p>Voter turnout decreases significantly during midterm elections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the urbanization index of Vermont influence its voting behavior?

    <p>Despite Vermont's low urbanization index, it had high support for Clinton in the 2016 election.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements summarizes the pattern of ideas mixing in relation to political views?

    <p>Higher mixing of people and ideas generally leads to liberal viewpoints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ideology

    • A system of beliefs or meaning that is internally coherent
    • Often associated with propaganda and negative values
    • An individual may be unaware that their beliefs are ideological, believing them to be natural and correct
    • Functions as a lens through which individuals perceive the world, leading them to perceive those who disagree as "blinded"

    Content of Ideology

    • Can be categorized as political, religious, moral, scientific, or even aesthetic

    Political Psychology

    • Most Americans identify with the political ideology that aligns with their home state
    • The status quo is often justified and supported by conservatives, particularly when it has been in place for an extended period of time.
    • Liberal preferences are often associated with lower-status and marginalized groups.
    • Conservative preferences are often associated with higher-status and majority/power-holding groups.

    Origins of Ideology

    • Conventional view: ideology is learned from parents and peers through socialization
    • Nature view: ideology is inherited from parents due to a genetic component
    • Twin studies suggest that political ideology is highly heritable, with genetic factors explaining over 50% of the variance.
    • May be rooted in temperament or personality, potentially influencing political stances later in life

    Moral Foundations Hypothesis

    • Does not replicate well in Black samples
    • The relationship between authority and purity foundations is less strongly correlated with political orientation for Black people compared to White people

    Do people like others who are morally consistent?

    • Perception of someone's actions depends on an individual's own political orientation and their view of the other person's political orientation
    • Individuals often judge others based on their moral foundations

    Party Demographics

    • Men are more likely to vote, identify with, or lean Republican
    • Women are more likely to vote, identify with, or lean Democrat
    • LGBTQ+ men and women are significantly more likely to lean Democrat.
    • White voters are more likely to be aligned with the Republican Party, while a majority of non-white voters favor the Democratic Party.
    • Asian-American voters exhibited a significant shift towards the Democratic Party around 2020, potentially influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic.
    • Voters with a college degree are more likely to lean Democratic, particularly among White voters.
    • Among Black voters with a college degree, the gap between Democratic and Republican affiliation is decreasing, while the opposite is observed among White voters with lower educational attainment.
    • Women with a college degree are more likely to identify with the Democratic Party, with the biggest difference in party affiliation occurring among women who have graduated from a 4-year program.
    • White men with lower educational attainment have been moving towards the GOP since 2008, while White men with higher educational attainment have been slowly shifting to the Democratic Party over the past 25 years.
    • Voters aged 18-39 are more strongly associated with the Democratic Party, while the Republican Party exhibits the strongest association and shift for those aged 60 and over.
    • The religious affiliation with the Republican Party is stronger among Protestants, Catholics, and Latter-day Saints.
    • Jewish and Muslim voters are more likely to lean Democratic.
    • Unaffiliated voters are more likely to lean Democratic.
    • Significant differences are observed in these religious trends when broken down by race/ethnicity, particularly for Black Protestants, Hispanic Protestants, and Hispanic Catholics.
    • Urban areas tend to lean Democratic, while rural areas lean Republican.
    • Suburbs are considered a middle ground between urban and rural areas.
    • The rural-urban divide has become more partisan over time, with rural White voters being more strongly associated with the Republican Party.
    • More densely populated states tend to lean Democratic.
    • Women are more likely to vote, with a difference of around 2-3% throughout time (except for 1980).
    • Midterm elections generally have lower voter turnout overall.
    • Young people vote at lower rates than older people.
    • Non-Hispanic Black voters showed higher voter turnout rates than Non-Hispanic White voters in 2008 and 2012.
    • Cities, coastlines, and rivers, places where people and ideas mix, tend to be more liberal.
    • A blue belt/arc in the South, stretching from D.C. to Louisiana, is generally known to be politically conservative.
    • A blue line runs down the Mississippi River, corresponding to the percentage of Black people within rural counties along the river.
    • This blue line also aligns with areas of cotton production in 1859 and the "Black Crescent" (areas with high concentrations of Black people and black soil).

    Reverse Migration Argument

    • Advocating for the return of Black people to Southern states to gain political power

    Left-Right Distinction

    • Based on two main elements:

      • Advocating for social change vs resisting it
      • Rejecting inequality vs accepting it

    • Predicts individual behavior fairly well, but doesn't accurately reflect real-world complexity and individuality

    • Primarily applies to White individuals and those politically engaged

    • For Black Americans, the relationship between self-identified ideology and political action is much weaker

      • They tend to identify with a party first and then an ideology

    Disgust Sensitivity

    • People with higher disgustsensitivity tend to be more conservative

    • This is associated with voting behavior, with those higher in sensitivity being less likely to vote for Obama

    Negativity Bias

    • Conservatives perceive the world as more threatening and negative

      • This can be observed in attentional biases and physiological responses

    Flanker Task

    • Conservatives are slower to respond and make more errors when threatening stimuli are presented

    • This suggests a stronger danger alarm system in conservatives

    Eye Tracking Task

    • Conservatives spend more time looking at negative stimuli

      • This reflects an attentional bias towards danger

    • They also rate negative stimuli more negatively than liberals

    Dot Probe Task

    • Conservatives are slower to respond to positive stimuli and faster to respond to negative stimuli

      • This indicates they dedicate more attentional resources to negative images

    Learning - Attitude Formation

    • Liberals and conservatives interact with the game differently

      • Liberals are more likely to try different beans, reflecting a higher risk-reward tolerance

      • Conservatives stick with safe and familiar choices

    Startle Reflex

    • Conservatives have larger startle reflexes to unpleasant sounds

    • This suggests a physiological predisposition towards negativity

      • Liberals tend to not react as strongly

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    Polipsych Exam Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate relationship between ideology and political psychology in this quiz. Understand how ideological beliefs shape perceptions and align with social status. Delve into how ideology can manifest in various forms and influence individuals' views on the world.

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