Political Psychology - Slides
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Questions and Answers

Which healthcare model primarily relies on tax payments for financing?

  • Beveridge Model (correct)
  • Bismarck Model
  • Out-of-Pocket Model
  • National Health Insurance

    • In which healthcare system are insurance plans required to cover all citizens and cannot deny claims?

  • National Health Insurance
  • Bismarck Model (correct)
  • Beveridge Model
  • Out-of-Pocket Model

    • Which of the following countries exemplifies the Out-of-Pocket Model in its healthcare approach?

  • Germany
  • India (correct)
  • United Kingdom
  • Canada

    • What factor is indicated to negatively impact healthcare quality, particularly in certain states of the U.S.?

    <p>High population growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which healthcare model combines elements of both the Beveridge and Bismarck systems?

    <p>National Health Insurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily noted as a danger in the course regarding perceptions of political ideology?

    <p>The tendency to focus only on extreme political views.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implicitly suggested about the terminology used when discussing 'liberals' and 'conservatives'?

    <p>They often refer specifically to White individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key reminder is emphasized when discussing political ideologies and their associated parties?

    <p>There is often a loose and inconsistent overlap between ideology and party affiliation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the course's focus on data is correct?

    <p>The course critique emphasizes the necessity of consistently examining data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is identified as a possible source for our political ideology?

    <p>Inherited temperament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event is noted as potentially causing a conservative shift in ideology?

    <p>Mortality salience manipulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Moral Foundations Hypothesis, how does political orientation affect reliance on moral constructs?

    <p>The reliance on moral constructs varies by political orientation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is linked to a liberal shift in ideology?

    <p>Perspective-taking jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the conventional view suggest about the development of ideology?

    <p>It is derived from both direct and indirect teachings from parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic is typically classified as a high-status group?

    <p>Thin people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is NOT associated with liberal ideological shifts?

    <p>Rural upbringing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In personality studies, over what percentage of political ideology variance is attributed to genetic factors?

    <p>More than 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which moral foundation do liberal-leaning individuals mostly emphasize

    <p>Care/harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which moral foundation do conservatives engage with less compared to liberals?

    <p>Care/harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What moral foundation is considered more relevant for conservatives than liberals?

    <p>Authority/subversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following moral foundations is not included in the primary five discussed for political morality?

    <p>Justice/equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Moral Foundations Hypothesis, which group is more likely to utilize all five moral foundations?

    <p>Conservatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of moral relevance ratings, which foundation was rated least relevant among different demographics?

    <p>Sanctity/degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which addition to the original five moral foundations addresses the perspectives of libertarians?

    <p>Liberty/oppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic best describes the moral reasoning of liberals according to the information provided?

    <p>Concern with care and fairness only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which moral foundation involves considerations of how individuals conform to societal traditions?

    <p>Authority/subversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the sample size of participants in YourMorals.org research who rated the relevance of moral foundations?

    <p>194,661</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the findings of Carraro, Castelli, & Macchiella regarding conservatives' response to emotional stimuli?

    <p>Conservatives respond faster to negative images and slower to positive ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavioral pattern was observed in conservatives during the 'Bean Fest' experiment by Fazio & Shook?

    <p>Conservatives were better at remembering negative beans while misremembering positive ones as negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the startle reflex was highlighted in the study by Oxley et al. regarding conservatives?

    <p>Conservatives exhibit a larger startle reflex when exposed to unpleasant stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one argument made by supporters of private healthcare systems?

    <p>Higher quality of care is achieved through competition among providers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common perspective of those who advocate for universal healthcare?

    <p>Healthcare is a universal right that should be accessible to all, regardless of income.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of private healthcare systems as suggested by their critics?

    <p>Higher overall healthcare costs for consumers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do conservatives generally perform in memory tasks related to negative stimuli, according to Fazio & Shook’s findings?

    <p>They accurately recall negative stimuli but often confuse positive stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amendment to the Social Security Act specifically established healthcare programs for the elderly and low-income individuals?

    <p>1965 Amendment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant driving force behind the establishment of the World Health Organization in 1948?

    <p>Rise in chronic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one major outcome of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA) passed in 1986?

    <p>Ensured treatment for patients regardless of their financial status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major health initiative was mandated to improve public health coverage without copayment requirements starting in 2015?

    <p>Preventative Services Mandate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action was taken during Trump's administration regarding healthcare plans?

    <p>Made more short-term plans available with less comprehensive coverage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which moral foundation do conservatives use more than liberals?

    <p>Authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which moral foundation is primarily associated with issues of vulnerability and harm?

    <p>Care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic is reported to show less correlation between Authority and Purity foundations with political orientation?

    <p>Black people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which additional moral foundation was later included to represent libertarian perspectives?

    <p>Liberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary moral concern for liberals, according to the Moral Foundations Hypothesis?

    <p>Care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which moral foundation relates to determining whether individuals are treated differently than others?

    <p>Fairness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What moral foundation is often highlighted during discussions of societal traditions and norms?

    <p>Authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the concerns of conservatives differ from those of liberals when considering moral foundations?

    <p>Conservatives rate all foundations as equally relevant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of moral relevance was rated least by participants in various cultural contexts?

    <p>Sanctity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which moral foundation was found to be more relevant for conservatives than liberals based on a comparative analysis?

    <p>Sanctity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk when learning about 'liberals' and 'conservatives' in this course?

    <p>Overlooking the influence of non-White political perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to differentiate between 'liberal' and 'conservative' ideologies and the politicians or policies associated with them?

    <p>The relationship can be loose and inconsistent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the course is highlighted as focusing primarily on White individuals?

    <p>Research findings and data patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major factor should students keep in mind when analyzing political ideologies?

    <p>Patterns observed in political behavior can vary widely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied when the terms 'liberal' and 'conservative' are discussed in class?

    <p>The terms often carry an implicit racial component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to look at the underlying data when discussing political ideologies?

    <p>To avoid exaggerating the differences that might not exist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge does the course face regarding its focus on demographic data?

    <p>It may center discussions around White political perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of misunderstanding the data on political ideology?

    <p>Overestimating ideological consistency across demographics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated about conservatives' perception of the world based on the provided content?

    <p>They perceive the world as a more threatening and negative place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What relationship was observed in twin studies regarding political orientation?

    <p>A small but significant relationship (r between .2 and .4) was discovered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do conservatives typically respond when negative stimuli are present in task performance assessments?

    <p>They tend to be slower and make more errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Dot Probe Task is accurate?

    <p>Participants press a space bar in response to a dot appearing on images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is described as influencing political orientation alongside genetics?

    <p>Socialization through parental political orientation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was noted about conservatives' behavior when confronted with fears of contamination?

    <p>They exhibit heightened sensitivity to contamination fears.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does eye tracking evidence reveal about conservatives when viewing stimuli?

    <p>They spend more time looking at negative stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the relationship between disgust sensitivity and political orientation characterized?

    <p>A strong relationship is noted, especially concerning contamination fears.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific aspect does Hakeem Jefferson's research focus on in regards to political orientation?

    <p>The combined effects of genetics and socialization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stated about the one-dimensional model of political orientation?

    <p>It may not operationalize political ideology equally well for all individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior is observed in conservatives regarding memory retention of beans in the 'Bean Fest' study?

    <p>They remember negative beans more effectively but misremember some good beans as negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of conservatives is indicated by their startle reflex response to unpleasant sounds?

    <p>They have a larger startle reflex correlated with their support for certain positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do proponents of private healthcare argue it affects the quality of physicians and facilities?

    <p>Competition leads to increased payments, improving quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of learning and attitude formation, how do liberals approach trying new experiences compared to conservatives?

    <p>Liberals try fewer new experiences and are more likely to stick with familiar options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common argument made by supporters of universal healthcare regarding healthcare as a right?

    <p>Everyone, regardless of income, should be entitled to affordable healthcare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception is highlighted regarding conservatives and their emotional responses to stimuli?

    <p>Conservatives exhibit a greater startle response to unpleasant sounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key difference is observed in the decision-making process of conservatives compared to liberals in the context of food choices?

    <p>Liberals prefer to stick to a few familiar food choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What notion does the Carraro, Castelli, & Macchiella study convey about conservative tendencies towards positive and negative stimuli?

    <p>Conservatives are faster at noticing negative images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What argument do private healthcare opponents make regarding the impact of competition on healthcare quality?

    <p>Increased competition can result in the neglect of lower-income individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the debate over vaccine mandates reflect broader issues in healthcare discussions?

    <p>It highlights the clash between individual rights and community health welfare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Graduate Programs at UF

    • UF offers combined BA/MA and MA/JD programs in Political Science
    • MA programs in Political Science, Political Campaigning, and International Relations
    • PhD in Political Science

    Political Psychology Course

    • The course focuses on differences between liberals and conservatives
    • Be aware that the course may exaggerate differences between liberals and conservatives
    • The course may be too focused on White people and their political attitudes

    Ideology

    • Ideology is a set of beliefs about the world, often linked to political preferences
    • Liberal ideology focuses on social change and egalitarianism
    • Conservative ideology focuses on system justification and support for the status quo
    • Implicit ideology can be seen in non-political attitudes that differ between liberals and conservatives

    Sources of Ideology

    • Ideology can be learned from parents explicitly and implicitly
    • Twin studies suggest a strong genetic component to ideology
    • Conservative shift can be caused by threatening events, mortality salience, and having children
    • Liberal shift can be caused by foreign travel, education, and perspective-taking jobs

    Moral Foundations Hypothesis

    • The Moral Foundations Hypothesis suggests that human morality is based on a number of core constructs
    • Liberals primarily rely on care/harm and fairness/cheating moral foundations
    • Conservatives rely on all five moral foundations: care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, and sanctity/degradation

    Moral Relevance

    • Studies on moral relevance across different countries show that liberals prioritize care/harm and fairness/cheating, while conservatives prioritize all five moral foundations
    • Black people show a weaker relationship between authority and purity moral foundations and political orientation compared to White people

    Learning and Attitude Formation

    • Research suggests that liberals try more options and conservatives stick with what works
    • Conservatives are better at remembering negative experiences and misremember positive ones
    • Conservatives have a larger startle reflex to unpleasant sounds

    Health Care in US

    • The presentation focuses on private vs. universal vs. hybrid healthcare systems
    • Private systems argue for competition, lower insurance costs, shorter wait times, higher quality, and better physician compensation
    • Universal systems argue for healthcare as a universal right, affordability for low-income individuals, and overall social justice
    • Private and universal healthcare systems are compared globally, highlighting the Beveridge, Bismarck, National Health Insurance, and out-of-pocket models
    • Florida ranks 36th in healthcare amongst all states, with higher population growth contributing to lower rankings

    History of Healthcare

    • Otto von Bismarck's Health Care Insurance Act in 1883 is considered the first government-run healthcare system, initially intended for blue-collar workers.
    • The National Health Service in the UK was established in 1944, serving as a foundation for current healthcare systems.
    • The World Health Organization (WHO) was established in 1948 following a world health assembly, aiming to address global health and disease.
    • The rise of chronic diseases, the leading cause of healthcare costs, prompted debate about public and private healthcare balance.
    • The U.S. Social Security Act of 1936 saw amendments in 1965, establishing Medicare for individuals aged 65 and older and Medicaid for low-income individuals and families.
    • The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA) in 1986 mandated hospitals to provide treatment regardless of patients' ability to pay in emergency situations.
    • The Affordable Care Act (ACA), signed into U.S. law in 2010, aimed to increase healthcare coverage, reduce costs, and improve quality.
    • In 2015, the U.S. focused on preventative care, mandating coverage for preventative services with no copayment. This led to increased screenings and vaccinations, improving public health.
    • Concerns surrounding the ACA arose in 2016 as premiums increased, questioning its sustainability.
    • Attempts to repeal or modify the ACA were short-lived or failed to pass congress.
    • The Trump administration introduced more short-term health plans, designed to provide cheaper healthcare options. However, these plans often lacked comprehensive coverage.
    • The arrival of COVID-19 prompted emergency expansion of vaccine distribution and telehealth services.
    • The debate surrounding the ACA continues as a sustainable solution remains elusive.

    Private vs. Universal vs. Hybrid Healthcare Systems

    • Arguments for private healthcare claim that competition leads to lower insurance costs and shorter waiting times, with higher quality and increased compensation for doctors and hospitals.
    • Arguments for universal healthcare emphasize healthcare as a fundamental right, ensuring affordability for low-income individuals. This system also reduces administrative costs and improves overall national health.

    Other Issues in Healthcare

    • The debate regarding vaccines includes mandatory vaccinations versus the right to choose.
    • Expanding or limiting Medicare and Medicaid programs is a significant point of contention.
    • A range of issues, such as abortion, euthanasia, and the regulation of pharmaceutical companies, are also integral to discussions about healthcare.
    • The extent of government involvement in negotiating drug prices is another debated topic.
    • Debates surrounding sex education in schools are closely tied to healthcare policies.

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