PECC Lesson 8

Positive political economy examines how political constraints shape economic outcomes that diverge from optimal policies, whereas normative political economy seeks to overcome these constraints within existing institutional frameworks to achieve better economic objectives.

Individuals (governments) are the actors; actors order their alternatives (preferences) transitively; and actors choose from available alternatives to maximize their satisfaction/self-interest.

The Nation State level focuses on internal or domestic influences within a nation-state, while the International System level examines external influences that arise outside a state's boundaries.

<p>The micro approach allows for a detailed investigation of conditions and processes within states that affect foreign and economic policy choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The International System level focuses on external influences that originate outside a state's boundaries, whereas the Nation State level examines internal or domestic influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economists began to focus solely on economic outcomes, ignoring political factors, while political scientists focused on power and authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterogeneity of interests or conflict of interest between economic actors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different tastes over goods and relative factor endowments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nation-state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Realism assumes that politics dominates economics, and states use economy to pursue power, whereas Liberalism assumes that economics and politics are separate spheres, and markets are superior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to Constructivism, actors' interests are constructed through social interactions, and norms play a crucial role in shaping their behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marxism views the economy as a means of exploitation, where capitalists exploit labor, whereas Liberalism sees the economy as a harmonious system where individuals pursue their self-interest. In Marxism, power is seen as a tool of exploitation, whereas in Liberalism, power is seen as a means to achieve individual goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Domestic concerns have a greater impact on policy in times of great societal and political conflict, as governments are more likely to prioritize domestic interests over international cooperation. This can lead to more conflictual international relations and a greater emphasis on national security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The levels of analysis in International Relations include the individual, state, and international system levels. Nation-state influences refer to the impact of individual nation-states on international relations, and can be analyzed at each of these levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Domestic institutional roles, such as policymakers, implement policies to satisfy national goals, while social forces, such as socioeconomic groups, exert pressure on policy decisions. This interaction can lead to liberalization or protectionism, depending on the societal group's interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A small, weak country surrounded by enemies is more likely to be influenced by international geopolitical concerns, while a large, powerful state is less constrained. This difference in vulnerability affects the likelihood of cooperation or conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distinguishing between domestic and international levels of analysis allows for a nuanced understanding of how state institutions and social forces interact at different scales, leading to more effective policy decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>International economic constraints, such as technological developments and global economic trends, can either constrain or enhance state actions, leading to varying degrees of cooperation or conflict in international relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hegemony can potentially mitigate conflicts and promote cooperation by establishing a dominant power that sets the rules of the international system, but it can also limit state autonomy and raise questions about global governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The micro-approach focuses on individual decision makers, their characteristics, and their roles, whereas the macro-approach examines the overall global patterns of behavior among states and the level of interdependence among them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The international environment determines the possibilities and constraints that face decision makers, and its characteristics, such as the number of major powers and the existence of a hegemon, influence the interactions between states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The societal level of analysis examines the population size and economy of a state, which affect the characteristics of the state and its relationships with other states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decision maker's role in the economic or political system determines their opportunities and constraints, shaping their behavior and actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each level of analysis (world system, relations, society, government, role, and individual) describes an environment that affects the opportunities available to decision makers, influencing the possibilities and constraints they face.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is essential for decision makers to be aware of both the range of interactions and extent of capabilities available to them in order to make informed decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary motivation is based on calculations of the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action, considering not only objective factors but also perceptions and emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both opportunity and willingness are required for a given behavior to occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary point of contention is the degree to which the causes of international political and economic trends are to be found at the domestic or international level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is essential to understand the interaction of multiple levels of analysis in order to comprehensively analyze the complex relationships between domestic and international factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary reason is the different domestic political institutions that handle the climate change issue, with environmental and foreign ministries in Canada and Germany, and the Dept of Energy, OMB, and Council of Economic Advisors in the USA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small developing states support targets and timetables for developed countries, oil-producing states question the scientific evidence and argue for a 'go slow' approach, and big industrializing countries insist on measures not infringing on their sovereignty and right to economic development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The FCCC was adopted on May 9, 1992, and entered into force on March 21, 1994, establishing a step-by-step approach to address climate change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These institutions are concerned with mitigation costs, which leads to a more interest-based approach in negotiations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AOSIS is an organization of small developing states that support targets and timetables for developed countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oil-producing states question the scientific evidence on climate change and argue for a 'go slow' approach, which reflects their concern about the potential economic impact of climate change mitigation measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The argument holds that developed countries, which are responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions, should take the lead in addressing climate change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These countries insist that measures to combat climate change not infringe on their sovereignty and right to economic development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Vienna Ozone Convention serves as a model for the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), with a step-by-step approach to address environmental issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary challenge is the differing interests among developing countries, including small developing states, oil-producing states, and big industrializing countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers